2.1 BO VI XU LY

-mot bo vi xu ly la mot mach tich hop chua hang ngan,tham chi hang trieu tranzito(LSI,VLSI)ket noi voi nhau

-cac tranzito ay cung nhau lam viec de luu tru va xu ly du lieu cho phep bo vi xu ly co the thuc hien rat nhieu chuc nang huu ich

-chuc nang cu the cua bo vi xu ly duoc xac dinh bang phan mem(co the lap trinh duoc)

Bo vi xu ly dau tien cua intel,4004 vao nam 1971

-4004 chua 2300 tranzito

-bo vi xu ly pentium 4 hien nay chua 55 trieu tranzito

-bo vi xu ly thuong duoc xu dung trong cac may tinh(microcomputer) voi vai tro la CPU,ngoai ra chung con co mat o nhieu thiet bi khac

CAC THANH PHAN CUA BO VI XU LY

Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU) ↔ control unit

↑↓

Register

ALU VA Control Unit

ALU

-thuc hien cac phep toan logic(ANG,OR,XOR,NOT)va cac phep toan so hoc(cong tru nhan chia)

-thuc hien viec chuyen du lieu

-viec thuc hien lenh thuc su dien ra o ALU

CONTROL UNIT

-co trach nhiem lien quan den viec tim va thuc hien cac lenh bang cach cung cap cac ti hieu dieu khien va dinh thoi cho ALU va cac mach khac biet phai lam gi va lam khi nao

CAC THANH GHI(Registers)

-thanh ghi la noi ma bo vi xu ly co the luu tru duoc mot so nhi phan(kich co cua thanh ghi duoc tinh bang bit)

-bo vi xu ly dung cac thanh ghi de luu tru du lieu tam thoi trong qua trinh thuc hien chuong trinh

-cac thanh ghi co the duoc truy cap bang cac cau lenh ngon ngu may thuong duoc goi la cac thanh ghi nguoi su dung co the nhin thay duoc(co the truy cap duoc)

-cac thanh ghi dieu khien va cac thanh ghi trang thai duoc CU dung de dieu khien viec thuc hien chuong trinh.da socac thanh ghi nay nguoi su dung ko the nhin thay duoc

2.2 CAC HO VI XU LY

-hien nay co rat nhieu nha san xuat cac chip vi xu ly:intel,AMD,motorola,Cyrix...

-thong thuong, mot ho vi xu ly la cac chip vi xu ly duoc san xuat boi mot nha san xuat nao do

-trong pham vi mot ho vi xu ly,theo thoi gian va theo cong nghe che tao co cac doi(the he)vi xu ly khac nhau phan biet theo Do dai Tu cua chung (bit) va toc do(hz)

-Do dai Tu(word length) cua mot chip vi xu ly la kich co toi da cua cac toan hang nhi phan ma no co the thuc hien cac phep toan tren do

HO VI XU LY CUA INTEL

Model nam san xuat so luong tranzito

4004 1971 2300

8008 1972 2500

8080 1974 5000

8086 1978 29000

80286 1982 120000

80386 tm processor 1985 275000

Pentium R processor 1993 3100000

Pentium 2 processor 1997 7500000

Pentium3 processor 1999 24000000

Pentium 4 processor 2000 55000000

2.3 HE THONG VI XU LY

-gom 3 khoi chuc nang:vi xu ly,bo nho.cac cong I/O

-bo nho duoc thuc hien bang cac chip nho ban dan ROM hoac RWM,la noi luu tru chuong trinh va du lieu.Doi voi vi xu ly bo nho la mot tap hop cac o nho phan biet theo dia chi cua chung

-cac cong I/O duoc thuc hien bang chip MSI hoac LSI,la phan mach giao tiep giua vi xu ly voi cac thiet bi I/O theo dia chi cua chung

-3 khoi chuc nang:vi xu ly,bo nho,cac cong I/O cua mot he thong vi xu ly trao doi tin hieu voi nhau thong qua Bus he thong

-bus he thong la mot tap hop cac duong truyen dan dung chung,bao gom:Bus dia chi(A-Bus_,Bus du liau(D-Bus) va Bus dieu khien(C-Bus)

-cac tin hieu dia chi di chuyen tren A-Bus theo huong tu vi xu ly den bo nho va cac cong I/O.So luong duong truyen dan cua A-Bus(goi la do rong cua A-Bus) tinh bang bit,phan anh kha nang quan ly bo nho cua chip vi xu ly

-cac tin hieu du lieu di chuyen tren D-Bus theo ca hai huong tu vi xu ly den bo nho va cac cong I/O va nguoc lai(moi luc mot huong).So luong duong truyen dan cua D-Bus(goi la do rong cua D-Bus)tinh bang bit phan anh mot phan toc do trao doi du lieu cua chip vi xu ly voi cac khoi chuc nang khac

-da so tin hieu tren C-Bus la cac tin hieu dieu khien rieng le,co tin hieu xuat phat tu vi xu ly,co tin hieu di vao vi xu ly,vi xu ly dung cac tin hieu nay de dieu khien hoat dong va nhan biet trang thai cua cac khoi chuc nang khac

THIET KE PHAN CUNG CUA HE THONG VI XU LY

-thiet ke bo nhocho he thong vi xu ly:

Ghep noi cac chip ban dan san co voi bus he thong sao cho khi bo vi xu ly truy cap bo nho thi ko xay ra xung dot giua cac chip nho voi nhau va khong xung dot voi cac chip dung lam cong I/O

-tuong tu,thiet kecac cong I/O cho he thong vi xu ly:ghep noi cac chip MSI hoac LSI thuong dung lam cong I/O voi bus he thong sao cho khi bo vi xu ly truy cap cac thiet bi I/O thi ko xay ra xung dot giua cac chip do voi nhau va ko xung dot voi cac chip dung lam bo nho

-viet chuong trinh dieu khien hoat dong cua he thong phan cung theo chuc nang mong muon(thuong dung ngon ngu assembly cua chip vi xu ly dung trong he thong)

-dich chuong trinh da viet sang ngon ngu may su dung cac chuong trinh dich thich hop

-nap chuong trinh ngon ngu may vao bo nho cua he thong vi xu ly

-kiem tra hoat dong cua he thong va thuc hien hieu chinh neu can thiet

-co the nho su giup do cua cac chuong trinh mo phong tren may tinh