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Section 1: General Information On Rock And Mineral

( khái niệm chung về đá và khoáng sản )

1.1 A fold may be bended up or down. Anticlines are hill-shaped folds, synclines are valley-shaped folds. The line of the fold is called its axis, and the slopes on each side of it are called the flanks.

Any change in the normal bedding of a seam is called a disturbance. A fold is a disturbance without a break, any disturbance with a break being described as a fault.

→ Một uốn nếp có thể uốn cong lên hoặc xuống. Uốn cong lên gọi là uốn nếp lồi, uốn cong xuống gọi là uốn nếp lõm. Tuyến của uốn nếp gọi là trục, và các phần nghiêng ở mỗi bên của nó được gọi là cánh.

Mỗi sự biến đổi dạng nằm ban đầu của vỉa được gọi là sự phá hủy. Uốn nếp là một phá hủy không có gãy, còn sự phá hủy có gián đoạn gọi là một đứt gãy.

1.2 The thickness of a seam is the perpendicular distance between its roof and floor.

The distance from roof to floor of a seam including all the partings is called full thickness. This thickness without the partings is the valuable thickness.

Sometimes the full thickness of a seam is not taken as part of it is left underground.

→ Chiều dày của vỉa là khoảng cách thẳng góc giữa vách và trụ của nó.

Khoảng cách giữa vách và trụ kể cả các lớp đá kẹp được gọi là chiều dày toàn phần. Chiều dày không tính đá kẹp gọi là chiều dày có ích.

Thỉnh thoảng chiều dày toàn bộ của vỉa không được khai thác vì một phần của nó bị để lại dưới đất.

1.3 Very thin coal seams are not worked formerly because they could not be accessed without cutting roof or floor, that is very expensive.

The part of the seam, which spreads to the earth’s surface or lies near it under alluvium is called its outcrop . The outcrop of a coal seam is usually unworkable because the coal has been deteriorated by weathering.

→ Trước kia các vỉa than quá mỏng không được khai thác bởi vì chúng rất khó tiếp cận mà không phải khấu vách hoặc trụ, việc này có chi phí rất tốn kém.

Phần vỉa vươn lên mặt đất hoặc nằm gần nó bên dưới lớp đất phủ được gọi là lộ vỉa. Phần lộ vỉa của một vỉa thường không được khai thác do than đã bị giảm chất lượng do phong hóa.

Section 2: Mine Workings - Các Đường Lò

2.1 The part of the underground working which reaches the surface or opens into another working is called, for a vertical shaft, its collar , and for a tunnel or adit, its portal. The rock or mineral surface bounding an underground working, and advancing as the working progresses, is called the face. A face at which regular work continues is called the working face.

→ Một phần của đường lò vươn lên mặt đất hoặc nối với các đường lò khác, đối với giếng đứng được gọi là cổ giếng, đối với lò bằng gọi là cửa lò. Bề mặt đá hoặc khoáng sản giới hạn một đường lò và dịch chuyển khi các công tác mỏ diễn ra được gọi là gương. Gương mà ở đó công tác diển ra liên tục được gọi là gương công tác.

2.2 A shallow pit is a vertical excavation usually small in cross section and in depth, sunk directly from the ground surface and used either for exploration or for placing explosives. During productive mining, shallow pits are sometimes sunk for ventilating the workings or for lowering supplies to them. As a general rule, roads in the mineral are not driven from shallow pits. Generally, shallow pits are rectangular, but in strong ground they may be of circular section and unlined.

→ Giếng nông là một công trình tẳng đứng thường nhỏ về tiết diện và độ sâu, được dào trực tiếp từ mặt đất được sủ dụng cho việc thăm dò hoặc chất thuốc nổ. Trong quá trình khai thác nó được đào để thong gió các đường lò hoặc để cấp vật liệu cho các đường lò. Nhìn chung các đường lò theo khoáng sản không được đào từ giếng nông. Thường thì giếng nông có hình chữ nhật nhưng trong đất đá bền vững tiết diện có thể là hình tròn và không cần chống giữ.

2.3 A mine is the totality of the underground workings and surface plant equipped for extracting mineral underground. In the administrative sense, a mine is an independent economic unit within a mining organization. It has the function of working the mineral within the limits of the take assigned to it.

→ Một mỏ là tập hợp các công trình đường lò và nhà xưởng trên mặt đất được trang bị để khai thác các khoáng sản dưới lòng đất. Về ý nghĩa quản lý thì một mỏ là một đơn vị kinh tế độc lập trong một tổ chức khai khoáng. Nó có các chức năng khai thác khoáng sản trong giới hạn ruộng mỏ được dành cho nó.

2.4 A shaft is a vertical or inclined excavation sunk from the surface so as to service the underground workings. Shafts are described either as main or hoisting shafts or as subsidiary shafts. Main shafts are designed primarily for hoisting mineral to the surface, and they also have other functions. Subsidiary shafts are primarily designed for purposes other than hoisting mineral, for example, for transport of men or materials, rock or equipment, and for ventilation or pumping.

→Các giếng được gọi hoặc là chính hay giếng trục tải hoặc giếng phụ. Các ghiếng chính được đào để trục tải khoáng sản lên mặt đất và chúng cũng có các chức năng khác . giếng phụ được đào nhằm mục đích khác với trục tải khoáng sản, ví dụ như chuyên chở người hay vật liệu đá hay thiết bị và cho thông gió hoặc bơm nước. theo chức năng chính của nó, giếng phụ có thể gọi là giếng chèn lò… Phần dưới cùng của giếng bên dưới mức vận tải dưới cùng được gọi là đáy giếng .

2.5 The cross section of the shaft, and the material of the shaft lining are determined by the strength of the ground and the projected life of the shaft.

Shafts are usually circular or rectangular. Elliptical shafts are rare because of complications in driving a shaft of this shape. The curved-rectangular shape is used when the timbering of a rectangular shaft is replaced by masonry.

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2.6 Adits can be driven only in certain area with suitable topographical relief, in other words, from the side of a mountain or hill

An adit can be driven either at an angle to the strike or along the strike. The first case is possible when the strike of the rock is roughly parallel to the valley from which the adit is driven.

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2.7 A crosscut is an underground opening driven at an angle to the strike and used for transporting mineral or for the movement of men or for ventilation, drainage, etc.

A level is a horizontal road driven parallel to the strike in sloping beds, or at any direction to the strike in horizontal beds. It has the same functions as a crosscut.

→Lò xuyên vỉa là một đường lò ngầm được đào chéo góc với phương và được dùng cho vận chuyển vật liệu , người hoặc dùng để thông gió, thoát nước.

Lò dọc vỉa là đường nằm ngang được đào song song với đường phương của vỉa hoặc từ bất cứ hướng nào so với phương của vỉa nằm ngang. Nó cũng có chức năng như một lò xuyên vỉa

2.8 A main level or lateral is one driven to the full extent of the mineral as far as the boundaries of the take, and maintained for the life of the part of the mine which it serves.

The main haulage lateral is a main level designed principally for transporting mineral.

A main ventilation level or airway is either a main intake, bringing fresh air into the workings, or a main return, taking off used air away.

→Lò dọc vỉa chính là đường lò được đào trên cả chiều dài khoáng sản tới tận biên giưới của ruộng mỏ , và được bảo vệ trong thời gian tồn tại của phần ruộng mỏ mà nó bảo vệ

Lò dọc vỉa vận tải chính là lò dọc vỉa được thiết kế chung cho việc vận tải khoáng sản

Lò dọc vỉa thông gió chính hay lò dẫn gió thì hoặc là lò dẫn gió vào,mang gió sạch vào các đường lò, hoặc là đường dẫn gió ra mang theo gió bẩn.

2.9 The cross section of a level can be a rectangle or a trapezium. It can also be curved or circular-arched.

The cross-sectional dimensions of a level are determined by the dimensions of the mine cars or other haulage machines, together with the clearances between such plant and the sides demanded by the mining regulations. These dimensions must also be adequate for ventilation.

→ Tiết diện ngang của lò dọc vỉa có thể là hình chữ nhật hoặc hình thang. Nó cũng có thể là hình vòm hoặc vòm tròn.

Kích thước tiết diện của lò dọc vỉa được xác định bởi kích thước của xe gòong hoặc các thiết bị vận tải khác có kể đến các khoảng hở giữa thiết bị vận tải đó và sườn lò theo quy phạm khai thác mỏ. các kích thước này cần thỏa mãn về mặt thông gió.

2.10 A brake incline is a slope driven in the mineral, used for mechanically lowering mineral from an upper to a lower level.

→ Lò thượng là một lò nghiêng được đào theo khoáng sản, được dùng để chuyển khoáng sản bằng cơ khí từ mức cao hơn xuống mức thấp hơn.

2.11 A haulage incline is a slope, up which mineral is mechanically hauled, from a lower level to a higher one.

→ Lò hạ là một lò nghiêng theo nó khoáng sản được kéo bằng cơ khí từ mức thấp hơn lên mức cao hơn.

2.12 Brake or haulage inclines, traveling ways or manways, and chutes can also be driven in rock.

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2.13 The junction between the pit bottom and the chaft is a large opening next the shaft from which the loading or unloading of the cages or skips takes place.

With cage hoisting, the full trains are uncoupled as they arrive at the pit bottom, the full cars are pushed into the cage and the empty cars are pushed out of it. The empty cars are coupled up into trains and are dispatched to the loading points.

→ Cửa nối giữa sân giếng và giếng là một buồng hầm bên cạnh giếng ở đó quá trình chất tải và dỡ tải của các thùng cũi, thùng skip được thực hiện.

Khi trục tải bằng thùng cũi, đoàn tàu có than được tách ra khi chúng đến sân giếng, các gòong có than được đẩy vào thùng cũi và các gòong không tải được đẩy ra khỏi cũi. Các gòong không tải được nối với nhau thành đoàn tàu và được điều đến các điểm chất tải.

Section 3: Mining Work And Mining Machinery

3.1 Brittle rock (shale, limestone, sandstone, coal, etc.) is fairly hard, comparatively easily crushed, and pieces separate from the mass along numerous cracks.

Strong rock ( strong sandstone, granite, magnetite ) has a high resistance to penetration by a tool and to separation of a piece from the mass.

Very strong rock ( quartzite, diabase, porphyry ) has the highest resistance to penetration by a tool and to separation of a piece from the mass.

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3.2 Mining machines are designed for breaking rock, loading and transporting it, and for putting supports or pack wall into the face. The name of the machine usually indicates its function, as in “ coalcutter “ or “ power loader “.

Every mining machine performs one or several of these operations. If it performs more than one operation it can be regarded as a combining machine.

→ Các máy mỏ được chế tạo để tách phá đá, xúc bốc và vận tải nó, và dựng vì chống hoặc xếp chèn ở gương lò. Tên của máy thường biểu thị chức năng của nó như máy khấu than hoặc là máy xúc bốc.

Mỗi loại máy móc thực hiện một hoặc vài chức năng trên. Nếu nó đảm nhận lớn hơn một chức năng nó được gọi là máy liên hợp.

3.3 Mining machines function in special conditions including the varying hardness of coal or its dirt partings, restricted working space and the need for movement along the face, a working atmosphere which contains mine gas and coal dust, either of which can burst into flame with a spark. Large or small lumps of coal or rock can also fall onto the machine.

→ Các máy mỏ hoạt động trong các điều kiện đặc biệt bao gồm độ kiên cố của than hoặc các lớp đá kẹp khác nhau, không gian công tác chật hẹp và sự cần thiết để di chuyển dọc theo gương lò, bầu không khí mỏ có chứa khí CH4 và bụi than, mỗi thứ trong đó có thể bốc cháy khi có tia lửa. Các tảng than hoặc đá lớn nhỏ có thẻ rơi vào máy.

3.4 The type of power which drives mining machines can be either electricity or compressed air. Most mining machines are electrically driven because electrical energy is cheaper than compressed air and it is simple to transmit to the face. The exception is drilling machines for hard rock, those are always powered by compressed air.

→ Dạng năng lượng truyền động cho máy mỏ có thể là điện năng hoặc khí nén. Hầu hết các máy mỏ được truyền động điện bởi điện năng rẻ hơn so với khí nén và nó đơn giản để tải vào gương. Ngoại trừ các máy khoan vào đá cứng, chúng luôn luôn được truyền động bằng khí nén.

3.5 Current mining methods require full mechanization of the different tasks of winning the coal and a close integration of them both in time and in space. These requirements are best fulfilled in the combining mining machines such as cutter-loaders ( or shearer ) and ploughs (or plows ).

These machines, mechanizing the basic tasks connected with coal winning, considerably improve the man’s output and make the work easier.

→ Các phương pháp khai thác than hiện nay đòi hỏi sự cơ khí hóa toàn bộ của các công tác khác nhau khi khai thác than và sự kết hợp chặt chẽ của chúng cả về thời gian lẫn không gian. Những yêu cầu trên được thể hiện đầy đủ nhất trong các máy khai thác liên hợp như là máy liên hợp và máy bào.

Những máy này cơ khí hóa các công tác chính liên quan đến quá trình khấu than, nâng cao đáng kể năng suất lao động và giúp cho công việc dễ dàng hơn.

3.6 The hardness and toughness of coal have a large influence on the design and performance of cutter-loaders. A criterion, the resistance of the coal to crushing, combines those two factors in one, and is evaluated by the specific power consumption during coal winning. In soft coal with a strip 3 mm thick, the energy consumed is 0.55 kwh/m .

→ Độ cứng và độ dẻo của than có ảnh hưởng lớn đến cấu tạo và tính năng của máy liên hợp. Một chỉ tiêu, sức kháng cắt của than gộp hai yếu tố đó vào một, và được đánh giá bởi chi phí năng lượng chuyên biệt trong quá trình khai thác than. Trong than mềm với dải khấu dày 3mm, chi phí năng lượng là 0.55kwh/m .

3.7 All cutter-loaders have following parts: the haulage unit which moves the machine along the face, the main motor, the cutting unit which separates the coal from the mass and breaks it, the reducing gear which transmits motion from the motor to the cutting unit, and the loading unit which moves the broken coal onto the face conveyor. Cutter-loaders are fitted with water sprays to suppress coal dust.

→ Tất cả các máy liên hợp có các bộ phận sau: bộ phận di chuyển kéo máy dọc theo gương, động cơ chính, bộ phận công tác tách phá than khỏi khối nguyên và dập vỡ nó, hộp giảm tốc truyền động lực từ động cơ đến bộ phận công tác và bộ phận xếp tải chất than tách phá được lên máng cào lò chợ. Máy liên hợp được trang bị các vòi phun nước đẻ dập bụi than.

3.8 To reduce the chain pull and to extend the field of use to hard and tough coals, and to faces where the coal was slightly squeezed out, dynamic ploughs were proposed. On these, the plough blade was given an added effectiveness by mechanically applied impact in addition to the chain pull or to the plough blade.

→ Để giảm lực kéo xích và mở rộng phạm vi áp dụng cho than rắn và dẻo ở các gương nơi mà than ít bị ép chồi các máy bào động được sử dụng. Ở những máy này lưỡi bào có thêm tác động phụ bởi xung lực cơ học thêm vào lực kéo xích hay vào chính lưỡi bào.

3.9 The most effective way of reducing the inadequacies of static ploughing is the reduction of the thickness of the strip with increase of the ploughing speed to 60 m/min or more. Reduction of the web ensures breakage of the coal in its zone of greatest squeezing out, where it has the lowest strength, which in turn reduces the tension in the chain.

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3.10 The simplest type of loader is the loading conveyor, which is a sloping scraper conveyor or belt conveyor, whose forward part is on the floor and whose rear part is raised high enough to fill mine cars. The sloping part of the conveyor is built on a frame usually on wheels, enabling it to be moved along the rails.

→ Dạng đơn giản nhất của máy xúc bốc là máng, băng chất tải, đó là máng cào hoặc băng tải nghiêng mà phần phía trước của chúng đặt trên nền và phần sau của nó được nâng đủ cao để đổ đầy xe gòong. Phần nghiêng của băng luôn được đặt trên một khung thường có các con lăn, cho phép di chuyển chúng dọc theo các thanh ray.

SECTION 4: DRILLING AND BLASTING ( KHOAN VÀ NỔ MÌN )

4.1 Holes are drilled in the face some 4-6 m deep and from 25 to 75 mm in diameter in which a certain quantity of explosive is placed. The part of the hole between the collar and the charge is stemmed with some inert material which does not burn at the high temperatures developed during explosion, generally “ sausages “ of mixed clay and sand.

→ Những lỗ mìn được khoan ở gương khoảng từ 4-6m và có đường kính từ 25-75mm trong đó một lượng thuốc nổ nhất định được náp vào. Phần lỗ khoan từ miệng đến thỏi thuốc được nút bằng vật liệu trơ không cháy ở nhiệt độ cao phát sinh trong suốt quá trình nổ. Thường thì các thỏi bua là hỗn hợp của sét và cát.

4.2 Explosion of the charge causes an impact from the gases formed by the disintegration of the cartridges of explosive. The impact transmits shock waves around it. Together with the expansion of the gas under the high temperature, the impact does mechanical work in breaking out the rock and shattering it.

→ Nổ mìn tạo ra một xung lực từ các chất khí hình thành bởi quá trình phân rã các thỏi thuốc nổ. Xung lực này truyền sóng nổ ra xung quanh nó. Cùng với sự giãn nở của khí dưới nhiệt độ cao, xung lực này tạo ra một công cơ học tách phá đá.

4.3 In both rotative and percussive drilling the rock in the hole is broken by the bit. In rotative drilling the cutting edges of the bit, pushed into the face, cut and break pieces of rock. In percussive drilling, after each impact the drill steel and bit are rotated through a small angle and the hole is deepened by crushing and breaking at each stroke of the cutting edges in the face.

→ Ở cả khoan xoay và khoan đập đất đá trong lỗ mìn bị phá vỡ bởi mũi khoan. Khi khoan xoay những lưỡi cắt của lưỡi khoan được đẩy vào trong gương cắt và phá vụn đá. Khi khoan đập, sau mỗi lần đập chòong và mũi khoan được quay một góc nhỏ và lỗ khoan được sâu them bởi quá trình tách phá của các cạnh cắt ở mỗi chu trình.

4.4 Electric rotative drills are widely used for drilling rock of the second and third groups of breakability. These drills are simply constructed and have a low consumption of power. If their bit points are faced with hard alloy, they have a high drilling speed and can be used for medium-hard rock.

→ Máy khoan xoay chạy điện được sử dụng rộng rãi cho đất đá thuộc nhóm hai và nhóm ba về khả năng phá vỡ. Những máy khoan này có cấu tạo đơn giản và tiêu hao ít năng lượng. Nếu đầu mũi khoan được phủ hợp kim cứng, chúng có tốc độ khoan cao hơn và còn có thể được dùng cho đất đá cứng trung bình.

4.5 The electric drill motor and switch and the reducing gear to the spindle are enclosed within a silicon-aluminium casing, the drill shank is placed in the end of the casing. The motor of the drill is switched on or off by a special magnetic starter in the body of the transformer, actuated by the switch button on the drill.

→ Động cơ và công tắc của máy khoan điện và hộp giảm tốc của trục khoan được bọc trong một lớp vỏ hợp kim nhôm silic, đuôi chòong được gá vào phần cuối của vỏ. Động cơ của máy khoan được bật hay tắt bởi khởi động từ đặt ở thân của máy biến áp, và được điều khiển bởi nút công tắc đặt trên máy khoan.

4.6 The purpose of explosives is to separate rock from its mass and break it into pieces of a size convenient for loading. The resistance of various rock to separation and fragmentation is not uniform, and it depends first of all on the properties of the rock itself, its strength, laminations, fissuring, cleavage, etc.

→ Mục đích của việc sử dụng thuốc nổ là tách phá đá ra khỏi khối nguyên và phá vỡ đá thành các cục có kích cỡ thuận tiện cho việc xúc bốc. Sức kháng tách phá của đá khác nhau không đồng đều, và trước hết nó phụ thuộc vào những đặc tính của loại đá đó, độ kiên cố, tính phân lớp, độ nứt nẻ, hướng thớ v.v …

4.7 If a hole is drilled perpendicular to a face of homogeneous rock and it is charged with explosive, almost no material will be broken out because the force of the explosion will be spent on shooting out the stemming and on some fragmentation and compression of the rock around the hole.

→ Nếu một lỗ mìn được khoan vuông góc với gương trong đất đá đồng nhất và được nạp thuốc nổ, hầu như không có vật liệu nào bị phá vỡ ra bởi vì sức nổ sẽ được sử dụng trong việc đẩy bua mìn ra ngoài và trong việc làm rạn nứt và dồn nén đất đá xung quanh lỗ mìn.

4.8 The depth of the holes is controlled by the strength of the ground, and the time available for completing the driving cycle, in particular for drilling the rock and loading it.

The total number of holes is determined from their number per m of face. It depends mainly on the strength of the rock and the dimensions of the face, and is found by experience or according to the amount of explosive consumed.

→ Chiều sâu của lỗ khoan bị khống chế bởi độ kiên cố của đất đá và thời gian cần thiết để hoàn thành chu kỳ đào lò, đặc biệt là cho việc khoan đất đá và xúc bốc nó.

Tổng số lỗ khoan được xác định dựa vào số lỗ trên mỗi mét vuông ở gương. Nó chủ yếu phụ thuộc vào độ kiên cố của đất đá và kích thước của gương và được xác định bằng kinh nghiệm hoặc theo lượng thuốc được dùng.

4.9 Explosives are chemical compounds or mechanical mixtures which can explode from some internal impulse, such as heating, spark or jolt.

The extremely rapid liberation of energy in this chemical transformation of explosives, accompanied by the liberation of heat and expanding compressed gases, is known as an explosion.

→ Thuốc nổ là các hợp chất hóa học hoặc hỗn hợp cơ học mà có thể nổ bởi các nội sung như nhiệt năng, tia lửa hay va đập.

Việc giải phóng năng lượng cực nhanh trong quá trình chuyển hóa của thuốc nổ, kèm theo đó là sự giải phóng nhiệt năng và sự giãn nở các khí bị dồn nén thì gọi là sự nổ.

4.10 Depending on the velocity of detonation, the same explosive can be considered as a shattering or high explosive, or as a propellant or low explosive. The higher the speed of the reaction, the higher the explosive and the shattering effect.

The speed of disintegrationwithin the charge is measured in metres per second: high speeds produce detonation, low speeds produce explosive burning.

→ Phụ thuộc vào tốc độ nổ, cùng một loại thuốc nổ có thể được xem là thuốc nổ phá hay thuốc nổ mạnh hoặc thuốc nổ đẩy hay thuốc nổ yếu. Tốc độ phản ứng càng cao thì thuốc nổ càng mạnh và hiệu quả phá hủy càng cao.

Tốc độ phân hủy khối thuốc nổ được đo bằng mét trên giây, tốc độ cao gây nổ, tốc độ thấp làm cháy thuốc nổ.

4.11 Explosive burning takes place without shock waves and at a speed of some hundred of metres per second.

Detonation in given conditions for each explosive takes place at a constant supersonic speed of several thounsand metres per second, transmitting explosion waves.

The effect of the explosion depends on the quality of the explosive and on the method of using it.

→ Cháy thuốc không tạo ra song nổ và với tốc dộ vài trăm mét trên giây.

Nổ mìn ở các điều kiện cho trước đối với từng loại thuốc nổ xảy ra với tốc độ siêu âm cố định khoảng vài nghìn mét trên giây, lan truyền song nổ.

Hiệu quả nổ mìn phụ thuộc vào chất lượng thuốc nổ và phương pháp sử dụng nó.

4.12 In the charging of holes with explosive, the explosive cartridges are inserted one at a time and are pushed to the bottom of the hole with a cylindrical wooden or aluminium charging stick, which is smaller in diameter than the hole, and somewhat longer. Along its length is a semicircular channel in which the safety fuse or the detonator leads can be inserted during charging.

→ Khi nạp mìn, các thỏi thuốc nổ được nạp mỗi thỏi một lần và được đẩy tới đáy lỗ khoan bằng gậy gỗ hay gậy nhôm, nó có đường kính nhỏ hơn lỗ khoan và dài hơn một chút. Dọc theo chiều dài của nó có một rãnh soi hình bán nguyệt theo đó dây cháy chậm hoặc dây kíp điện có thể được đưa vào trong quá trình nạp mìn.

4.13 The last cartridge inserted in the hole is called primer. It contains either a detonator cap with safety fuse leading from it, or an electric detonator with its wires connected to it.

The safety fuse is joined to its detonator in a special room, usually next to the underground explosives store. The primer itself should be made at the face.

→ Thỏi thuốc cuối cùng được nạp vào lỗ khoan được gọi là thỏi thuốc mồi. Nó có chứa hoặc một hạt nổ cùng với dây cháy chậm gắn với nó, hoặc một kíp mìn điện cùng với các dây dẫn nối với nó.

Dây cháy chậm được gắn với kíp trong một buồng đặc biệt, thường ở cạnh kho thuốc nổ dưới đất. Còn chính thỏi thuốc mồi cần được làm ở gương.

4.14 The number of holes fired simultaneously with safety fuse is limited for safety reasons in horizontal and sloping drives ( up to 30˚ ) to a maximum of 16, since the fuses in a face may be lit by only one shotfirer. In vertical shafts or inclined shafts steeper than 30˚, only electric detonators are allowed. Number of holes fired simultaneously with electrical firing is limited only by ground vibration constraints.

→ Số lỗ mìn được nổ đồng thời bằng dây cháy chậm ở các đường lò nằm ngang và dốc nghiêng tới 30˚ bị giới hạn bởi lý do an toàn tối đa là 16 lỗ khi các dây cháy chậm ở gương có thể được phát hỏa bằng chỉ một mồi lửa. Ở các giếng đứng hoặc giếng nghiêng dốc hơn 30˚ chỉ được phép dùng kíp điện. Số lỗ mìn được nổ đồng thời với kíp điện chỉ bị giới hạn bởi sự dồn nén rung động của đất đá.

SECTION 5: OPENING UP THE DEPOSIT

5.1 After the deposit has been entered by permanent shafts or roads, other roads (levels, crosscuts, brake inclines, haulage inclines, etc.) are driven in the coal or in the rock so as to prepare the deposit for extraction. These roads and the work put into them are therefore described as development roads and development work.

→ Sau khi khoáng sàng đã được mở vỉa bởi các giếng hoặc các đường lò chính, các đường lò khác ( dọc vỉa, xuyên vỉa, lò thượng, lò hạ ) được mở theo than hoặc theo đá để chuẩn bị khai thác khoáng sản. Các đường lò này và các công việc làm ở đó bởi vậy được gọi là các đường lò chuẩn bị và công tác chuẩn bị.

5.2 The annual output of the mine is established in relation to the needs of the national economy for the particular mineral, its reserves and geological conditions and the dimensions of the take. It also depends on the contemporary technical level of methods of extraction, transport and processing of the coal with maximum safety, minimum losses, and minimum production cost.

→ Sản lượng hàng năm của mỏ được xác định liên quan đến nhu cầu của nền kinh tế quốc dân đối với từng loại khoáng sản, trữ lượng và điều kiện địa chất của nó và kích thước của ruộng mỏ. Nó còn phụ thuộc vào trình độ kỹ thuật của phương pháp khai thác, vận tải và sàng tuyển than đương thời cùng với mức độ an toàn cao nhất, tổn thất nhỏ nhất và giá thành khai thác nhỏ nhất.

5.3 Usually an attempt is made to give the take a rectangular shape with its length parallel to the strike and its width parallel to the dip. In practice, however, the take can not always be rectangular because of changes in the dip and strike and the geological limits of the deposit on one or more sides caused by faults, etc.

→ Thông thường người ta cố tạo ra ruộng mỏ có dạng hình chữ nhật với chiều dài của nó song song với đường phương và chiều rộng của nó song song với hướng dốc. Tuy nhiên trong thực tế ruộng mỏ không phải lúc nào cũng là hình chữ nhật bởi những sự biến đổi theo chiều dốc và theo phương và các giới hạn địa chất của khoáng sàng của một hay nhiều phía do các đứt gãy v.v…

5.4 The determination of the rational dimensions for a take is one of the main problems in planning the extraction of mineral deposit.

With a small-scale deposit, the boundaries of the take are its natural boundaries.

When geological disturbances occur at suitable spacings, these faults or displacements can serve as boundaries for the take either along the dip or along the strike or both.

→ Việc xác định kích thước hợp lý cho ruộng mỏ là một trong những nhiệm vụ chủ yếu khi thiết kế khai thác.

Với mỏ quy mô nhỏ, biên giới của ruộng mỏ là giới hạn tự nhiên của nó.

Khi các phá hủy địa chất tồn tại ở các khoảng cách phù hợp, những đứt gãy hoặc sự chuyển dịch này có thể được coi là biên giói của ruộng mỏ hoặc dọc theo chiều dốc hoặc dọc theo phương hoặc dọc theo cả hai.

5.5 Sometimes the limits of the take are the limits of protective pillars which are to be left at known depths below large reservoirs, towns, important industrial structures, etc.

If natural conditions do not limit the dimensions of the take, the boundaries are determined by the calculation.

The work able reserves, Q tons, of the take can be seen as a product of the annual output A and the mine life T, thus

Q = AT

→ Đôi khi giới hạn của ruộng mỏ là đường biên của các trụ bảo vệ được chừa lại ở độ sâu nào đó bên dưới các hồ chứa nước, thành phố, các công trình công nghiệp quan trọng v.v…

Nếu điều kiện tự nhiên không giới hạn kích thước của ruộng mỏ các đường biên giới được xác định qua tính toán.

Trữ lượng công nghiệp, Q tấn của ruộng mỏ có thể được xem là tích số của sản lượng hang năm A và tuổi mỏ T, tức là

Q = AT

5.6 If the take is more or less regular and the thickness of the deposit changes only slightly along the strike, the main shaft should be located on a dip line dividing the take in two. The two halves of the take on each side of the shaft are generally described as flanks.

→ Nếu ruộng mỏ tương đối ổn định và chiều dày của vỉa chỉ ít biến đổi dọc theo phương, giếng đứng lên đặt ở đường dốc chia ruộng mỏ thành hai phần. Hai nửa này của ruộng mỏ ở mỗi bên của giếng thường được gọi là các cánh.

5.7 In an irregular take or a take cut by geological disturbances, the division into flanks is complicated

→ Ở ruộng mỏ không ổn định hoặc ruộng mỏ bị cắt bởi các phá hủy địa chất việc chia thành các cánh sẽ phức tạp.

5.8 The dimensions of the take are chosen so as to ensure the reserves which the mine needs for its whole life usually of several decades. Therefore, there is no need to extract the whole deposit simultaneously along the whole sloping length of the deposit, and it is extracted by districts. With a horizontal deposit, districts worked simultaneously can have various layouts.

→ Kích thước của ruộng mỏ được lựa chọn để bảo đảm trữ lượng mà mỏ cần cho suốt thời gian tồn tại của nó thường là vài chục năm. Bởi vậy không cần thiết phải khai thác toàn bộ vỉa than đồng thời dọc theo cả chiều cao nghiêng của nó, và nó được khai thác theo từng phần. Ở các vỉa nằm ngang các phần được khai thác đồng thời có thể có nhiều sơ đồ khác nhau.

5.9 The slope length of the horizon is chosen upon consideration of the output planned for the mine with the method adopted for working a given deposit. It is composed of the length of the production faces needed for the planned output, the width of the face of the haulage roads, return airways and intermediate levels, plus the width of the pillars left on each side of them.

→ Chiều cao nghiêng của tầng được lựa chọn dựa vào sản lượng thiết kế của mỏ cùng với phương pháp khai thác vỉa đã được chọn. Nó bao gồm chiều dài của các gương khai thác cần cho sản lượng thiết kế, chiều rộng của các gương lò vận tải, thong gió và dọc vỉa trung gian cộng với chiều rộng của các trụ bảo vệ chừa lại bên cạnh chúng.

5.10 In coal mining, the coal losses vary mainly with the geological conditions, and the methods of working and winning the coal. In thin and medium-thick searns, using caving methods, the losses are about 10-15 percent corresponding to a recovery of 0.85 to 0.90. If dense packing is used, the losses even in thick seams can be reduced to 5 percent.

→ Khi khai thác than, tổn thất than thay đổi chủ yếu bởi điều kiện địa chất và hệ thống khai thác và phương pháp khấu than. Ở các vỉa mỏng và dày trung bình sử dụng phương pháp phá hỏa, tổn thất than khoảng 10 đến 15% tương ứng với hệ số khai thác là 0.85 đến 0.90. Nếu chèn lò toàn phần được áp dụng thì tổn thất thậm chí ở các vỉa dày có thể giảm xuống còn 5%.

5.11 The height of the horizon in a steep deposit is limited by the technical conditions of work to a much higher degree than in gently sloping seams. Therefore, with a steep deposit the slope height of the horizon is chosen from practical considerations relating to angle of dip, thickness of deposit, and strength of wall rocks.

→ Chiều cao của tầng ở vỉa dốc đứng bị giới hạn bởi điều kiện kỹ thuật khai thác ở mức độ cao hơn nhiều so với ở các vỉa dốc thoải. Bởi vậy, ở các vỉa dốc đứng chiều cao nghiêng của tầng được chọn từ kinh nghiệm thực tế liên quan đến góc dốc, chiều dày của vỉa và độ kiên cố của đá vách và đá trụ.

5.12 The work in the face generally í not continuous through the year because ò geological disturbances met in the seam, stoppages for planned preventive maintenance the machinery, repairs ò the roads, etc. Therefore, the average annual face advance used in the formulas above í usually lower than that obtained directly from the work chart.

→ Việc khai thác ở lò chợ thường không liên tục suốt cả năm bởi vì các phá hủy địa chất tồn tại trong vỉa, các gián đoạn để bảo dưỡng máy móc thiết bị đã định trước, để bảo vệ lò v.v…Bởi vậy, tiến độ lò chợ trung bình hàng năm lấy từ các công thức ở trên thường thấp hơn so với tiến độ lấy trực tiếp từ lịch trình khai thác.

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