Ch 12

What are some ways to determine if a behavior is abnormal? Be able to recognize examples of abnormal vs normal behavior.

Distressing behavior, deviant (violates social norm) behavior, interferes with social life, work, and self-care.

What are some different types of factors that may lead to the development of a disorder? Be able to recognize examples.

Not a clue my guy. 

What is the DSM-5? How does it work?

Clinician required to provide both categorical and dimensional info as part of diagnosis.
Lists about 400 disorders. Category: Class of disorder (anxiety/depressive), type of disorder (Generalized Anxiety/ Major Depressive), & amount of disorders. Dimension: Severity of disorder & how much symptoms impair functioning.

What is an anxiety disorder?

Frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them, and the anxiety interferes with daily life.

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? Be able to recognize examples.

People experience chronic, excessive worry for 6 months or more.
Tend to expect the worst, unable to not worry, person feels tired, tense, irritable, and will have hard time sleeping & concentrating.

What is panic disorder? What is a panic attack? What is agoraphobia? Be able to recognize examples.

Person experiences recurring panic attacks
Unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear or terror.
Intense fear or avoidance of situations where escape is difficult and help is unavailable when panic strikes. Ex: Avoids being outside of house, on a bus/elevator/car, etc.

What is a phobia? What are the types? Be able to recognize examples.

Persistent, irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses no real danger.
Specific Phobia / Social Phobia

What is OCD? What are obsessions? Compulsions? Be able to recognize examples.

Obsessive-compulsive Disorder: Anxiety disorder in which people suffer from recurrent obsession, compulsions, or both.
Obsession: Persistent, involuntary thoughts, images, or impulses that invade consciousness and cause the person distress.
Compulsion: Persistent, irresistible, and irrational urges to preform acts or rituals repeatedly.

What is PTSD? Why might it occur? Be able to recognize examples.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpiness, and/or insomnia that lasts for weeks.

What are dissociative disorders?

Breakdown of normal personality integration, resulting in significant alterations in memory or identity.

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder? Know all related terminology and be able to recognize examples.

Person develops two or more distinct alters, each with a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.

What are mood disorders?

The 'mood' lasts a long time, influences all of their interactions with the world, and interferes with normal functioning.

What is Depression? What are the different types? Be able to recognize examples and distinguish types.

Low, sad state.
Major Depression: Intense depression
Persistent Depressive Disorder: A pattern that lasts at least 2 years

What is mania? What are the symptoms? What is Bipolar Disorder? What are the different types? How are they distinguished? Be able to recognize examples.

Exaggerated euphoria
Bipolar Disorder: Alternating periods of mania and depression
Bipolar 1: Have full manic and depressive episodes
Bipolar 2: Hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes
Cyclothymic Disorder: Alternating hypomanic episodes with mild depressive episodes

What is a major depressive episode? What are the criteria for single episode versus recurrent? Be able to recognize examples.

A period in which a person shows at least 5 symptoms of depression for two weeks or more.
Recurrent: If 2 or more episodes occur and are separated by 2 un-depressed months

What are the different types of manic episodes? What are the different types of Bipolar disorder? Be able to recognize examples.

Full Manic Episode: Abnormally high or irritable mood for at least one week, along with at least 3 other symptoms of mania.
Hypomanic Episode: Symptoms of mania are less severe & cause little impairment.

What is Schizophrenia? What are positive and negative symptoms? Be able to recognize examples.

Psychotic disorder in which personal, social, and occupational functioning deteriorate as a result of strange perceptions, disturbed thought processes, unusual emotions, and motor abnormalities.
Positive: Excess of thought, emotion, and behavior.
Negative: Deficits of thought, emotion, and behavior.

What is a personality disorder? What are the different clusters? What are the types of personality disorders? Be able to recognize examples.

Inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior.
Odd Personality Disorders: Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal.
Dramatic Personality Disorders: Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic.
Anxious Personality Disorders: Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive. 

Ch 13

What is psychoanalysis? What are the five techniques used in psychoanalysis? Be able to recognize examples of the different techniques.

Freud's approach.
Free Association, Dream Interpretation, Resistance, Transference, & Interpretation.

What are brief psychodynamic therapies? How are they different from traditional psychoanalysis and other psychodynamic therapies?

Briefer more economical approach while traditional takes years.
More likely to focus on client's current situation than on past childhood experiences.

What is interpersonal therapy? What are the characteristics? What are the different issues covered? Be able to recognize examples.

Focuses almost exclusively on clients' current relationships with important people in their lives. 15-20 sessions.
Issues: Interpersonal Role Disputes, Loss of Relationship, Acquiring New Relationship, & Deficits in Social Skills.

What are the characteristics of humanistic therapies? What is the major goal?

View humans as capable of consciously controlling own actions.
Goal – Remove barriers and encourage self-exploration.

What is client-centered therapy? What are the different attributes? Be able to recognize examples.

Client/therapist relationship is central, focuses on fostering self-exploration and personal growth.
Unconditional Positive Regard: Therapist shows genuine care for and acceptance of client as a person – no judgement/evaluation.
Empathy: Willingness and ability to view the world through client's eyes.
Genuineness: Refers to consistency between the way the therapist feels and the way he/she behaves – honesty.

What is gestalt therapy? What is the goal? What techniques are used? Be able to recognize examples.

Goal – Bring thoughts, feelings, wishes that are blocked from ordinary awareness to immediate awareness.
Role-Play

What are the ideas behind behavior therapy?

- Maladaptive behaviors are not symptoms of underlying problems, they are the problem.
- Problem behaviors are learned in the same way normal behaviors are.
- Maladaptive behaviors can be unlearned by applying learning principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling.

What is exposure therapy? Be able to recognize examples.

Expose client to feared CS in absence of UCS while using response prevention to keep avoidance response from occurring. (Classical Conditioning)

What is systematic desensitization? Be able to recognize examples.

Uses counterconditioning to allow clients to remain relaxed while gradually facing feared situations. (Classical Conditioning)

What is aversion therapy? Be able to recognize examples.

Therapist pairs a stimulus that is attractive to the client (CS) with an aversive UCS in an attempt to condition an aversion to the CS. (Classical Conditioning)

What is behavior modification? How does it work? Be able to recognize examples.

Treatment techniques that apply operant conditioning procedures in an attempt to increase or decrease a specific behavior. (Operant Conditioning)

What is a token economy? Be able to recognize examples.

Involves systematic application of positive reinforcement to strengthen desired behaviors.

When is punishment considered an acceptable treatment?

Best used for self-injuring behaviors.

What is behavioral activation therapy? Be able to recognize examples.

Behavioral treatment for depression – increases positively reinforcing behaviors.

What is social skills training? Be able to recognize examples.

Clients learned new skills by observing and then imitating a model who preforms a socially skillful behavior.

What is mindfulness? What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy? What are the characteristics? Be able to recognize examples.

Mental state awareness, focus, openness, and acceptance of immediate experience
ACT: Uses mindfulness to teach clients to "just notice", accept, and embrace thoughts and feelings.

What is Dialectical Behavior Therapy? What disorder was it designed to treat? What techniques are used? What is the goal?

Teach problem-solving, emotional control, interpersonal skills, and adaptive cognitive styles.
Treatment developed for borderline personality disorder.
Goal – Reduce self-destructive behaviors and suicide attempts.

What are cognitive therapies? What is cognitive restructuring? Be able to recognize examples.

Focus on modifying automatic thought patterns that lead to maladaptive emotions and behaviors.
Replacing maladaptive thought patterns with more adaptive, accurate thoughts and interpretations of situations.

What is rational emotive therapy? What are the characteristics? What is the ABCD model? Be able to recognize examples.

Irrational thoughts most immediate cause of self-defeating behavior.
A: Activating event that triggers the emotion
B: Belief system that underlies the way a person appraises the event
C: Emotional and behavior consequences of the appraisal
D: Disputing or challenging the erroneous belief system- key to changing maladaptive emotions and behaviors.

What are the characteristics of Ellis' and Beck's cognitive therapy? What are overgeneralizations and arbitrary inferences? Be able to recognize examples.

Ellis: Emotion is a response to beliefs and appraisals.
Introduce clients to commonly held irrational beliefs and train to find our own.
Becks: Points our errors in thinking and logic. Overgeneralization & Arbitrary Interference.
Help clients realize it is thoughts not situation that lead to maladaptive emotional responses.

What is cognitive-behavioral therapy? Be able to recognize examples.

Assume maladaptive behavior results from irrational thoughts, beliefs, or ideas.

What are the different categories of drug treatment?

Antipsychotic, Antianxiety, & Antidepressant.

How do antianxiety drugs work? What are the side effects/concerns?

Minor tranq's, increase effects of GABA, lowers excitatory activity. Ex: Buspar, Xanax, & Valium. Side Effects: Drowsiness, lethargy, & difficulty concentrating.

What are the different types of antidepressant drugs? How does each work? What are the side effects/concerns associated with each? How effective are they?

Tricyclic: Unclear how they work. 2-8 weeks to work.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI): Breaks down monoamine oxidase which leads to down-regulation and balance. 2-8 Weeks to work.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI): Blocks pre-synaptic reuptake of serotonin, increase serotonin at receptor site temporarily. Long term mechanism.

How do antipsychotic drugs work? What are the side effects?

Major tranq's, decreases dopamine activity, reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and has strong side effects.
Tardive Dyskinesia: Movement disorder – Uncontrollable movements of the face and tongue, as well as sometimes the arms and legs.

What is electroconvulsive therapy? What are the characteristics? How is it thought to work? What are the side effects/concerns?

Administer electric shock to brain for less than a second, convulsions last several minutes. Possible memory loss.

Ch 14

What is health psychology?

Addresses factors that influence well-being and illness, as well as measures that can be taken to promote heath and prevent illness.

What is the biopsychosocial model?

Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in focusing on health.

What are the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior? How are they related?

Both have the same steps but Planned Behavior has an extra step.
- Specific intentions about the behavioral change
- Positive attitude about the new behavior
- Belief that one's social group looks upon the new behavior favorably.
- Sense of control over the outcome.

What is the stage of change model? What are the 6 major stages? How do people typically progress through the stages? Be able to recognize examples. What are stage matched interventions?

A change process as people modify thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
1. Precontemplation: person does not recognize the problem, denies it endangers well-being, feels powerless to change
2. Contemplation: person perceives the problem or desires to change, but has not yet taken action.
- Will not take action until perceived benefits outweigh costs
3. Preparation: person has decided to change behavior, making plans to do so, and may be taking preliminary steps
4. Action: person begins to actively engage in behavior change
- Success hinges on behavior-control skills
- Greatest commitment and effort
- May take 3-5 cycles
5. Maintenance: person has been successful in avoiding relapse and has controlled the target behavior for at least 6 months
6. Termination: original problem will never return

What is relapse prevention? What is the typical path to relapse? What is the abstinence violation effect? Why is it important in relapse?

Designed to reduce risk of relapse. Relapse is most likely to occur when coping skills aren't efficient enough for a high-risk situation.
AV Effort: Person becomes upset and self-blaming over the lapse and views it as proof that he/she will never be strong enough to resist temptation. (Can cause people to abandon efforts to change)

What is stress? What are the different types of stress? Be able to recognize examples.

Physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaption or readjustment.
Eustress: Stress from positive events (wedding, birthdays)
Distress: Stress from negative events (fired, break-ups)

What is a stressor? What are the different types of stressors? Be able to recognize examples.

Any stimulus or event that produces or is capable of producing physical or emotional stress.
Hassles: Daily annoyances; effects may build up over time
Uplifts: Positive experiences in life, may neutralize the effects of many hassles.
Major Life Events: Changes or disruptions requiring significant adjustment.
Catastrophic Events: Occur unexpectedly, affect large numbers of people – natural disasters, war

What are the 3 different types of conflict? Be able to recognize examples.

Approach-approach Conflict: Conflict arising from having to choose between desirable alternatives.
Avoidance-avoidance Conflict: Conflict arising from having to choose between 2 undesirable alternatives.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict: Involves a single choice that has both desirable and undesirable features.

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome? What are the 3 stages? What happens during each? Be able to recognize examples.

Alarm: Person experiences a burst of energy – helps the person handle the situation (fight or flight)
Resistance: Body is attempting to resist or adapt to the stressor
Exhaustion: Occurs if the body fails in its efforts to resist the stressor; exhausts all energy, may lead to death.

What is psychoneuroimmunology? How does stress affect health and immune functioning?

Explores connections among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system. (Short-term stressors increase immune system functioning.)

What are the Type A and Type B behavior patterns? How might they affect health? Be able to recognize examples.

Type A: Cluster of characteristics that make a person more prone to heart disease
Type B: Relaxed, easygoing personality type – tend to be healthier

What the two types of cognitive appraisals when it comes to stressful events? Be able to recognize examples.

Primary Appraisal: Evaluate meaning and significance of the situation; it is positive, negative, or irrelevant?
Secondary Appraisal: If people judge the situation to be in their contril, they make evaluation of available resources (physical, psychological, material, time), then consider the options and determine how to handle the stressor.

What are the 4 aspects of the cognitive appraisal process? Be able to recognize examples. How does the cognitive appraisal process affect our response to stressors?

- Appraisal of nature and demands of the situation: Threat? No threat? Harm? Loss? Challenge?
- Appraisal of the resources available for coping: Knowledge, abilities, resources, time, social support
- Appraisal of the consequences of the situation: How likely to occur? How costly?
- Appraisal of personal meaning: What does the outcome imply about you?

What are the different types of coping strategies? How effective are they? In what types of situations are they effective? Be able to recognize examples.

Problem-Focused Coping: Strategies that attempt to confront and deal directly with demands of a situation or change situation so it is no longer stressful.
Emotion-Focused Coping: Responding to stress in an emotional manner

In what ways can social support help buffer against the effects of stress?

1.Enhances immune system functioning
2.Leads to greater sense of identity and meaning- greater psychological well-being
3.Reduces exposure to other risk factors
4.Increases sense of control
5.Prevents maladaptive coping

What is resilience? What are some characteristics? What are protective factors?

Ability to tolerate and thrive in highly stressful conditions. (Intellectual functioning, social skills, self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and social support.)
PF: Environmental and personal resources that create resilience, helping people cope more effectively with stressful events.

What is hardiness? What are the components? How is this related to health? Be able to recognize examples.

A combination of three psychological qualities shared by people who can handle high levels of stress and remain healthy.
Commitment: Feel strong sense of commitment to work and personal life.
Control: Feel they can control consequences and outcomes.
Challenges: Welcome challenges, see them as opportunities for growth.

What is coping self-efficacy? How is self-efficacy relevant to dealing with stress?

Belief that one can perform the behaviors necessary to cope successfully.

How can positive emotions influence coping ability? What is benefit finding? Be able to recognize examples.

Effort to identify positive results of a stressful circumstance.

What are the differences in the ways that optimists and pessimists view stressors? How is attitude relevant to coping with stress? How is it relevant to health?

Optimists have lower risk for anxiety and depression when under stress.
Pessimists view problems as uncontrollable, long-lasting, generalized.
Positive attitudes may decrease stress and increase longevity.

What is posttraumatic growth? How is it relevant to the effects of stressful events?

Experience of a major positive change following crisis

What are health-enhancing behaviors? Health threatening behaviors? Know the different types of each.

Health-Enhancing: Serve to maintain or increase health. (Exercise, diet, sleep)
Health-Threatening: Promote development of illness. (Fatty diets, substance abuse)

What is subjective well-being?

How people evaluate their lives in terms of their happiness and life satisfaction.