1. In about 100 words, write about terminals. Thiết bị đầu cuối

In  recent  years,  new  output  devices  have  been  developed  to  bridge  the  gaps  between  the various  devices  just  described.  For  instance,  terminals  with  both  video  screen  and  hard-copy output are now available. These devices don't waste paper, since hard copy is produced only when a  permanent  record  is  needed. Terminals  of  this  nature  are  used  in  applications  where  relevant personal data is needed which can be corrected or edited on a screen before a hard copy is made. University  registration  or  patient  registration  are  two  areas  where  these  devices  save  time  and money,  because  a  new  hard  copy  need  be  produced  only    if  something  has  changed  from  the previous registration or visit.

2. In about 100 words, describe the computer. Mô tả máy tính

The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters  called  data,  perform  mathematical  and/or  logical  operations  on  the  information,  and then supply results of these operations. Computers  are  thought  to  have  many  remarkable  powers.  However,  most  computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn't feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn't be of much use.

3. In about 100 words, write about the history of computer. Lịch sử máy tính

In 1930, the first analog computer was built by an American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical  problems,  all  at  a  very  fast  rate.

4. In about 100 words, write about Central Processing Unit. CPU

In digital computers, the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic - logical unit (ALU). The  function  of  the  control  unit  within  the  central  processor  is  to  transmit  coordinating control  signals  and  commands.  The  control  unit  is  that  portion  of  the  computer  that  directs  the sequence  or  step-by-step  operations  of  the  system,  selects  instructions  and  data  from  memory,  interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic - logical unit.

5. In about 100 words, present types of memory and their characteristics. Các kiểu hiện tại của bộ nhớ và đặc điểm của chúng

One  of  the  most  important  characteristics  of  a  computer  is  its capability of storing information in its memory long enough to process itThe  memory  of  the  first  computers  was  made  up  of  a  kind  of  grid  of  fine  vertical  and horizontal wires. This has been made possible by the advent of transistors and by the advances in the manufacture of miniaturized circuitry. As the result, mainframes have been reduced in both size and cost. Throughout the 1950s, 1960s and up to the mid 1970s, core memory dominated the market.

6. In about 100 words, write about disk and disk drive. Đĩa và ổ đĩa

Disk  drives  are  of  two  kinds:  drives  with  a  single  non-removable  platter,  and  drives  in which disks can be changed. The latter kind is further subdivided into top-loading single platter, front-loading single platter, and top-loading multiple platter. Some disk drives open from the top, where single platter disks are placed. Other drives open in the front and single platter disks, either hard disks or diskettes, are inserted

7. In about 100 words, present some main ideas about printers. Một vài hiểu biết chính về máy in hiện tại

Printers  vary  in  speed,  size,  and  cost,  and  are  designed  to  meet  printing  requirements ranging from roughly the speed and volume of a typewriter up to thousands of lines per minute. There  are  two  ways  of  printing:  by  impact  (striking  a  character  through  a  carbon,  like  a typewriter)  or  non-impact  (photocopying,  like  an  office  copier).  Impact  printers  are  generally  a drum, or a chain or a train. The drum has a spining cylinder for each character position in a line, and  each  cylinder  contains  all  the  characters  in  a  character  set.  As  each  cylinder  spins  into  the appropriate  character  position,  it  is  hammered  into  the  paper  through  a  carbon  ribbon.  Drum printers generally give the lowest quality printing, because if the hammer hits a little early or late, the  character  will  appear  slightly  above  or  below  the  line.  This  is  noticeable  on  a  printed  line, giving it a wavy appearance.

8. In about 100 words, write about hardware and software. Phần cứng và phần mềm

A  computer  system  needs  both  hardware  and  software  to  be  complete. It implies  a  good  mixture  of  parts  working  together.In  order  to  use  computers  effectively  to  solve  problems  in  our  environment,  computer systems are devised. A "system" implies a good mixture of integrated parts working together to form a useful whole. Computer systems may be discussed in two parts.The first part is hardware - the physical, electronic and electromechanical devices that are thought and recognized as "computers". The second part is software - the programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct the processing of data.

9. In about 100 words, describe mainframes. Mô tả máy tính lớn

These computers can be of two types: digital or analog. The digital computer or general purpose computer as it is often known, makes up about 90 percent of the large computers now in use. The digital computer is like a gigantic cash register in that it can do calculations in steps, one after another at tremendous speed and with great accuracy. The analog  computer works something like a car speedometer, in that  it  continuously  works  out  calculations. It  is  used  essentially  for  problems  involving measurements.