1. The English Vowels.

Vowels are produced without any stopage of the air steam in the oral cavity. they are made by voiced air passing through different mouth shapes caused by different position of the tongue and of the lips. Vowels are voiced sounds. They are syllabic, for they form the centre of the syllable.

Ex: Love (l^v) /^/ ==>mid-open==>central==>unrounded

2. Consonant

A consonant is produced with an obstruction or construction of the air stream formed in the mouth by the organs of speech. The air stream from the lungs is stopped or obstructed somewhere in the mouth before rushing out. This forms different consonants.

3. Assimilation.

When we are speaking very quickly ( or informal speech, one sound may be changed and became another sound by these influent of the surrounding. The new sound may be resemble or identical with the assimilating sound. This phinominant is called the assimilation.

Ex: Breakfast /brekfest/

break /breik/ + fast /fa:st/

4. Stress

Stress is the degree of loudness or prominence with which a sound or a world is pronounced.

a, Kinds of stress

There are three kinds of stress: word stress, phrase stress and sentences stress.

+ Word stress:

Ex: address/e'dres/

active/'ebet ktiv/

+ Phrase stress:m

Ex: co'me o'n

sta'nd u'p

+ Sentences stress:

Ex: Can u speak English?

==> Show question (/^)==> rising tone

5. Intonation

When we are speaking the voice's going up and down continuously, origin pitch change that is called " intonation".

a. Attitude

It's used to show the attitude or feeling of the speaker (angry, sad, polite....)

b. Rising intonation:

Rise/^ -- fall\>==> to show sure, certain.

Fall--rise==> to show down or uncertain.

6. Transcription.

Transcription means to use access of simple representing sound and show the sound in the written form.

A, Types of transcription

a, Phonemic transcription(phien am am vi)

--Use: slanting brackets: /.../

Ex: car / ka/

--Show: the differentphoneme, it doesnt show the pronunciation

+ Broad trancription( phien am mo rong)

Ex: tenth [ten0+-)

B. Phonological

1, Nasalazation[ ~]

Vowels will be nasalized when standing before ( n, m,ng)=> am mui

Ex: in /in/ + [i~n]

am /ebet m/+[ebet~m]

2, Aspiration ([h]

a, Aspiration is a little extra puss r that sometime goes with speech sounds (P, T, K)

pen /pen/ + [pHe~n)

income /ink^m/+ [i~nkHa~m]

b. Unaspirat

fortis plosive will be unaspirated when standing after rhe sound /s/

Ex: spy /spai/

3, unexploded [°] (am ko doi)

happened to fortis plosive

a. Fortis plosive will be unexploded when standing before another fortis plosive

ex: act /ebet k°t/

stopped /stopt/ + [stop°t]

B. ....................At the end of word and preceded

ex: map [m ebet p°]

4. Devoicing (su giam giong [o nam o ben duoi]

The approximant sound (l, r, j, w) will be divoicing when standing after fortis plosive.

Ex :plan /pl ebet n/ + [p+h lo ebet+~ n]

cry /krai/ + [k+h roai

b. Dentalization [rang oa]

The alvedar sound [l, t, d, n] will be dentalized when standing before dental sounds [th, jo]

Ex: eighth [eit o+|+ rang hoa]

6. Palataration (t+~)

Chj xay ra duy nhat voi phu am [l] khj bj ngat hoa

7, chat luong nguyen am

i, u, o=> nguoc voi ^

i' , u: ,o: =>tam gjac nguoc

chu : nguyen am doi thi ko co mui hoa vakhj bj ngat hoa thi ko can dung tam gjac nguoc.hjhj

b, Unspirated

Fortis