TEST 1

Bound: nhảy (v), chắc chắn (a), bound for: đi hướng nào : Where are you bound for?, bound for home.

Poultry: gia cầm (n)

Consequently: kết quả là (adv) = as a result

Unequivocal(ly): không mập mờ, lập lờ

Evidently: hiển nhiên, rõ ràng (adv)

Indisputably: hiển nhiên, ko thể bàn cãi = evidently

Dispute: (cuộc) bàn cãi, tranh luận (noun or verb)

ego: bản ngã, cái tôi

symptom: triệu chứng

treaty: hiệp ước, enter into a treaty = make a treaty: kí hiệp ước

Conflict (n) cuộc xung đột: conflict with sb, conflict between sb and sb, conflict over sth.

Conflict(v) xung đột, mâu thuẫn, trái ngược: Their thoughts conflict with ours

Prefer NOUN to NOUN, Prefer VING to VING, would prefer TO VERB rather than VERB, Prefer TO VERB than TO VERB

Bit by bit: dần dần, từ từ

Fibre = Fiber (n): sợi (vải)

Outstanding (a) nổi trội, nổi bật: an outstanding student

melt (v) tan chảy

Carry out/ Conduct an experiment/a study: tiến hành một cuộc thí nghiệm, một bài nghiên cứu

Considerable (a), considerably (adv): đáng kể, lớn : a considerable amount of money

challenge (n): thử thách , challenging (adj) = difficult

Sharp (a) bén, dull (a): cùn, đục, xám xịt, đần độn

Coal mine (n) Mỏ than đá

Ore: (n) quặng - iron ore: quặng sắt

Upheaval (n) biến cố, bước ngoặc (trong cuộc đời chẳng hạn), sự thay đổi đột ngột

a reaction TO something: sự phản ứng với cái gì đó

Promise to do sth, promise sb, promise sth to sb

Superego = super + ego: siêu ngã  >.<"

Content (n) nội dung

Content (a) (n) (sự) bằng lòng

Contention (n) sự đấu tranh, ganh đua, bất đồng, tranh cãi

Function (n) (v) Hoạt động

interfere (v)  can thiệp _ interfere WITH something/ somebody

Exceed (v) vượt quá _ Exceedingly = extremely

Tout (v) Chào hàng

Scope (n) phạm vi

Phenomenon (n) hiện tượng _ Phenomena (plural) những hiện tượng

trough (n) máng ăn cho vật nuôi

Protocol (n) nghi thức ngoại giao, lễ tân

Internal (a) thuộc về bên trong, ex: internal structure, internal struggle (đấu tranh nội tâm)

External (a) thuộc về bên ngoài

Evident (a) rõ ràng _ It is evident to us that...

Mental (a) thuộc về thần kinh _ mental problems, mental illness (bệnh tâm thần)

increase : tăng, decrease: giảm

mainstream (n) xu hướng

Consume (v) tiêu thụ, consumption (n) sự tiêu thụ

Innovation: sự đổi mới cách tân, đi đầu

Obtain = get = gain: lấy được, đạt được _ Obtain a master's degree (lấy được bằng thạc sĩ)

Exemplify (v) minh họa bằng ví dụ

Curtail (v) cắt bớt, rút ngắn. Ex: Cut off expenses = curtail expenses (cắt giảm chi tiêu)

Curtail sb of sth: lấy, tước cái gì đó của ai

Take effect (v) có tác dụng có hiệu lực (medicine, law...)

Be made up of : cấu tạo bởi

Reflect (v) phản chiếu _ Reflection (n) sự phản chiếu, sự phản ánh

Deficient (a) thiếu V.S Sufficient (a) đủ = Deficiency = Sufficiency

Shortage (n) sự thiếu hụt. Be short of sth (a)

Habitual (a) thường lệ _ habitually (adv)

Habitation (n) nơi cư trú

Cohabitation  (n) sự sống thử (trước hôn nhân)

Tolerant (a) khoan dung, tha thứ

Hostile (a) TO somebody/ something: thù địch, căm ghét

Indifferent (a) lãnh đạm, thờ ơ

Good-tempered (a) thuần tính V.S Bad-tempered (a) nóng tính

Go in for (v) tham gia, mê EX: Go in for sports

Go about = go around

Speech (n) Bài diễn thuyết, diễn văn

maternal grandfather: ông ngoại, paternal grandfather: ông nội

Purchase (v) buy

Eloquent (a) có tài ăn nói, hùng biện

Eventful (a) nhiều sự kiện xảy ra

Social advancement: sự tiến bộ xã hội

Artery (n) 1. động mạch 2. con đường huyết mạch, quan trọng... (có thể hiểu theo nghĩa bóng )

Prosperous (a) thịnh vượng

segregation (n) sự chia tách _ Racial segregation (chia tách, phân biệt chủng tộc)

Thrive (v) phát đạt, phát triển = FLOURISH (V) _ An enterprise (business) can't thrive without good mangagement.

Seemingly = apparently: HÌNH NHƯ

Dentistry (n) nghề chữa răng

Mingle (v) trộn lẫn, hòa nhập vào

Associate (v) kết giao, liên hợp, cho cộng tác, (a) kết giao, kết hợp

Associate (V) LIÊN TƯỞNG _ Associate sth with so/sth (associate the fish sauce with Phu quoc)

Range (n) phạm vi

Nutritionist (n) nhà dinh dưỡng

Deficient (a) thiếu, ko đủ

fatigue (n) sự mệt mỏi (v) làm cho mệt mỏi

ABUNDANT : CÓ NHIỀU ,ĐẦY, DƯ THỪA -> ABUNDANCE

Informative (a) cung cấp nhiều thông tin

Definition : định nghĩa

Contrast (n) (v) so sánh đối chiếu

Test 2

Orphanage (n) trại trẻ mồ côi

Patriotism (n) lòng yêu nước

borough (n) thành phố, thị xã

Scholar (n) học giả

storey (n) tầng, lầu

dice (n) cục xí ngầu

dice (v) sắt hạt lựu. Ex: Peel the carrots and dice them.

attain = get, gain (v)

Budget (n) ngân sách ngân quỹ

deem (v) cho rằng, nghĩ rằng

advocate (v) chủ trương, tán thành

advocate (n) luật sư biện hộ

affirm (v) xác định, xác nhận

adapt (v) thích nghi

hinder (v) gây cản trở, gây trở ngại

wound (n) vết thương

wounded (adj, pp) bị thương

accurate(ly) chính xác

fortunate (a) lucky _ unfortunately (adv)

ambitious (a) tham vọng

aggressive (a) hay tấn công, hung hăng (trong 1 cuộc tranh luận, người aggressive là người ý kiến nhiều nhất, hay bác bỏ ý kiến người khác...)

substantial (a) big, important

wild (a) hoang dã _ wilderness (n) vùng hoang dã

graze (v) chăn thả (súc vật) _ National parks include land for animal grazing.

seashore (n) bờ biển

seaweed (n) rong biển, tảo biển

tolerate (v) chịu đựng

major (v) học chuyên ngành _ Peter's parents let him major in electronics.

Children reared in poverty tend, on the average (trung bình), to do poorly on tests or intelligence.

= Children who were brought up in poverty tend to do....

Impoverish (v) làm bần cùng hóa, làm nghèo

Impoverished = poor (a)

Tend to + Verb: có khuynh hướng = HAVE A TENDENCY TO VERB

Assume (v) cho rằng, thừa nhận

Assumption (n) giả định

Nutrition (n) sự dinh dưỡng _ Nutritionist (n) nhà dinh dưỡng

Infant (n) a baby or a very young child

Crucial (a) important

Deprive sb of sth: tước đoạt cái gì đó từ tay ai _ If animals are deprived of health food for three years, they will not be healthy

Gruelling (a) extremely tiring and difficult, and demanding great effort and determination (kiệt sức, mệt nhoài)

Hand in: nộp = SUBMIT (V)

Imminent (a) sắp xảy ra _ To be faced with imminent death (sắp chết tới nơi)

Assert (v) quả quyết

INSOFAR AS = TO THE DEGREE THAT

Proceed (v) tiến hành _ Process (n) quá trình

Interaction (n) sự tác động lẫn nhau, sự tương tác

Prophet (n) nhà tiên tri

Extent (n) có thể dịch thoáng là mức độ. Có một số expressions sau:

to the extent of

so strongly that

Some people hold their beliefs very strongly, even to the extent of being prepared to go to prison for them.

to the extent that

to a particular degree or stage, often causing particular results

Sales have fallen badly this year, to the extent that we will have to close some of our shops.

One cannot help wondering whether these attempts to wish the problems away simply underlie (to be a hidden cause of or strong influence on something) the extent to which western industrialized countries are to blame for (responsible for) upsetting (upset: make sb angry) the world's ecology.

Con người luôn tự hỏi rằng liệu những nỗ lực để giải quyết những vấn đề môi trường trên thật ra chỉ là cái giá mà những nước công nghiệp phương Tây phải trả vì đã chọc giận bà mẹ trái đất.

to the same extent

to the same degree as; as much as

The rich will not benefit from the proposed changes to the tax system to the same extent as the lower paid.

to some extent

partly

To some extent, she was responsible for the accident.

to such an extent

so much

The car was damaged to such an extent that it couldn't be repaired.

to what extent?

how much

To what extent will the budget have to be modified?

To what extent do you think he's aware of the problem?

Grant (v) give

Manufacture (v) sản xuất

enrol/enroll (v) đăng ký (học), kết nạp _ enrollment (n)

Prosperous (a) thịnh vượng, thành công _ Prosperity (n)

Trend (n) xu hướng, tend (n) khuynh hướng

Seek (v) look for

Guarantee (v) bảo đảm

Plush (a) luxurious, expensive, high quality _ a plush restaurant

Payroll (n) tổng số tiền phải trả cho nhân viên trong công ty

Struggle (v) fight

reflect (v) phản ánh

Surplus (n) số dư, thừa, giá trị thặng dư (economic term)

Nurture (v) chăm sóc, nâng đỡ

Drawback (n) DISADVANTAGE

Reluctant (a) miễn cưỡng _ Reluctance (n)

Redundant (a) dư thừa _ redundancy (n) I have just been laid off. Now I become redundant (jobless, unemployed)

Seize (v) nắm, bắt _ Seize the chance: nắm bắt cơ hội

Pursue (v) theo đuổi _ Pursuit (n) sự theo đuổi

Evolve (v) tiến hóa

Strive (v) đấu tranh

TEST 3

Childlike (a) (of adults) showing the good qualities that children have, such as trusting people, being honest and enthusiastic

a childlike innocence/quality

All her life she had a childlike trust in other people.

Childish (a) typical of a child

childish handwriting

disapproving If an adult is childish, they behave badly in a way that would be expected of a child

He wasn't enjoying the occasion so he thought he'd spoil it for everyone else - it was very childish of him.

Deforestation (n) nạn phá rừng

Afforestation (n) trồng cây gây rừng

Suspect (v) nghi ngờ

Suspicious (a) mang tính nghi ngờ

Suspicion (n) sự nghi ngờ

Annual (adj) yearly

Abuse (v) (n) lạm dụng

Dispose (v) bỏ

to get rid of someone or something or deal with something so that the matter is finished

How did they dispose of the body?

It took a mere five minutes for the world champion to dispose of (=defeat) his opponent.

Constitute (n) viện, cơ quan

Consign (v) ủy thác, ủy quyền

Proportion (n) tỉ lệ

Portion (n) khẩu phần ăn

Roam (v) đi quanh quẩn (thường dành cho thú vật)

Librettist (n) người viết nhạc cho kịch

Depict (v) mô tả

Racial (a) thuộc về chủng tộc à racial discrimination: phân biệt chủng tộc

Port (n) = harbor (cảng)

Literary (a) thuộc về văn học à literature (n) văn học

Literal (a) mang nghĩa đen

Figurative (a) mang nghĩa bóng

Prolific (a) 1. mắn đẻ 2. có khả năng sang tác nhiều à a prolific composer/ poet

Drought (n) hạn hán

Outpouring (n) mưa rất to

Portray (v) vẽ phác thảo

Portrait (n) chân dung

Callousness (n) sự nhẫn tâm

Vast (a) rộng lớn, bao la

Locate (v) cho tọa lạc à my house is located in district 5

Stem the tide = stop

Defray the cost of sth = pay sth, make a payment on

Boycott (n) sự tẩy chay

Allocate (v) trích ra, phân phối chia phần

Vindictive (a) hận thù, long không khoan dung

TEST 4

Solidify (v) làm cứng, làm đặc

Put up with = tolerate

Contribute to sth/ doing sth: đóng góp vào chuyện gì

Have yet to do sth = haven’t done sth yet

à He has yet to tell me = He hasn’t told me yet.

Enclose (v) gửi kèm theo.

à I have some of my degrees enclosed for your reference (often used when you write a job application)

Many – more – most V.S Much – more - most

Few/ a few – fewer  - fewest V.S Little/ A little – less – least

Differ in sth: khác nhau về điều gì à They differ in their points of view

Differ from sth: khác với cái gì à His points of view differ from hers.

Shameful (a) đáng xấu hổ

à I couldn’t see anything shameful in what I had done

Ashamed (a) thấy xấu hổ

à You’ve got nothing to be ashamed OF

Arrive late: đến trễ

Lately: gần đây

Ingest (v) to eat or to drink sth

Ample (a) more than enough

Substantial (a) large, in big size

Incapacitate (v) làm cho ai không làm việc được

Cripple (v) làm cho ai què

Prolonged (a) được kéo dài = extended

Betray (v) phản bội à betrayal (n) sự phản bội

Argumentative (a) mang tính tranh luận

Indigenous TO (a) naturally exist in a place (not coming from swhere else) = native to (bản xứ)

à Are these frogs indigenous to/ native to this area.

Byproduct (n) sản phẩm phụ (vô tình tạo ra trong sản xuất)

à In the timber industry, for example, by-products include sawdust, small offcuts and bark.

Pesticide (n) thuốc trừ sâu bọ, cỏ dại = herbicide (thuốc trừ cỏ dại) + insecticide (thuốc trừ sâu bọ)

Ledge (n) cái chìa ra khỏi tường (kệ, nhà ở thường có những chỗ xây chìa ra khỏi tường)

Falcon (n) chim ưng

Abundant (a) rất nhiều à Abundance (n) a large number of/ a large amount of

Predator (n) thú ăn thịt

Flourish (v) succeed

Rate (n) tỉ lệ = percentage

TEST 5

Infect: lây nhiễm

Bake (v) nướng

Sack (v) = lay off = fire = đuổi việc

In general = in a word = nói chung

Be of importance = be important. Be of help = be helpful. Be of use = be useful

à Luck is of the same importance as effort/ Luck is as important as effort.

Put off (v) postpone = delay

Call off (v) cancel

Call on = visit

Keep up with = catch up with

Recommend/ suggest sb to do sth

Recommend/ suggest that sb (should) do sth

Mệnh lệnh cách (Imperative) - Giả định cách (Subjunctive)

Mệnh lệnh cách thể hiện một lời khuyên, một lời yêu cầu hoặc một mệnh lệnh.

·Về hình thức, mệnh lệnh cách của ngôi thứ hai giống như­Nguyên mẫu không có To.

Ví dụ :

-Hurry ! (Nhanh lên!)

-Shut up ! (Im đi !)

-Wait for them ! (Hãy đợi họ!)

-Always clean your teeth before going to bed ! (Hãy luôn luôn đánh răng Trước khi đi ngủ)

-Never repeat it ! (Đừng bao giờ nhắc lại điều đó !)

-Never tell lies (Đừng bao giờ nói dối)

-Don't hurry ! (Đừng vội !)

-Don'twait for them ! (Đừng đợi họ!)

-Don't be rude ! (Đừng hỗn láo!)

·™ ngôi thứ nhất, mệnh lệnh cách = Let us/Let's + Nguyên mẫu không có To .

Ví dụ :

-Let's hand in our examination papers ! (Chúng ta hãy nộp bài thi !)

-Let's stand up ! (Chúng ta hãy đứng dậy!)

-Let's not make so much noise ! (Chúng ta đừng làm ồn như­ vậy!)

-Let's not talk with them ! (Chúng ta đừng nói chuyện với họ!)

·™ ngôi thứ ba, mệnh lệnh cách = Let him / her / it / them + Nguyên mẫu không có To . Tuy nhiên, ở phủ định, ta dùng Is not / Are not to hoặc Must not .

Ví dụ :

-Let him wait ! (Hãy để anh ta đợi đấy!)

-Let them come in ! (Hãy để họ vào!)

-They must not come in / They are not to come in (Họ không được vào)

·Do làm cho mệnh lệnh hoặc lời yêu cầu dứt khoát hơn.

Ví dụ :

-Do shut up ! (Câm mồm ngay!)

-Do stand aside ! (Đứng sang một bên xem nào!)

Giả định cách (Subjunctive)

Hình thức

·Khác với Hiện tại đơn giản , Hiện tại giả định cáchkhông cós ở ngôi thứ ba số ít.Đặc biệt, Hiện tại giả định cáchcủaTo Be là Be ở tất cả các ngôi.

Ví dụ :

-The king lives here (Đức vua sống ở đây) (Hiện tại đơn giản )---> Long live the king ! (Đức vua vạn tuế!) (Hiện tại giả định cách )

-It is requested that all shareholders be present

(Yêu cầu tất cả các cổ đông đều phải có mặt)

·Quá khứ giả định cách có hình thức giống như ­Quá khứ đơn giản .Đặc biệt, Quá khứ giả định cách của To Belà Were ở tất cả các ngôi.

Ví dụ :

-If only hewere good at English ! (Giá mà anh ta giỏi tiếng Anh!)

-I wish Iwere a little bit taller (Tôi ­uớc gì mình cao thêm một tí)

-He talks as if heknew everything in the world (Hắn nói chuyện như thể hắn biết mọi sự trên đời vậy)

Công dụng

·Thể hiện ­uớc muốn hoặc hy vọng.

Ví dụ :

-Heaven help us! (Lạy trời phù hộ chúng ta!)

-God save the king ! (Lạy chúa phù hộ đức vua!)

·Sau cấu trúc It is important / necessary / essential/ imperative that ... hoặc các động từ Ask , Demand , Insist , Require ,Suggest , Propose .

Ví dụ :

-It is important that he (should)pay on time (Điều quan trọng là anh ta phải chi trả đúng hạn)

-He demands that he (should)be told everything (Anh ta yêu cầu được nghe kể lại mọi chuyện)

·Quá khứ giả định cách được dùng sau If , If only(thể hiện­ ước muốn), As if / As though .

Ví dụ :

-If I had much money, I would make a round-the-world tour

(Nếu tôi có nhiều tiền, tôi sẽ làm một chuyến du lịch vòng quanh thế giới)

-If only I knew her phone number ! (Giá mà tôi biết số điện thoại của cô ấy!)

-He shouted and jumped up and down as though hewere crazy (Nó la hét và nhảy cẫng lên như­ điên dại)

·         Accurate (a) chính xác à accuracy (n)

·         To my great surprise, they agreed to all our demands.

·         Punctual (a) đúng giờ à punctuality (n)

·         Preservation = conservation (n) sự bảo tồn

·         Preserve (v) = converve (v)

·         Conservative (a) bảo thủ

·         To go to school is to improve your own knowledge

·         I turned off the light, then, I went to bed à Turning off the light, I went to bed.

·         When leaving, all the lights should be turned off. à when leaving, you should turn off all the lights/ When you leave, all the lights should be turned off.

·         Enjoyable (a) thú vị = interesting à an enjoyable evening

·         Turn up = vặn to

·         Turn up = arrive

·         Show up = appear

·         Make it to somewhere = Come to…

à Sorry. Don’t think I can make it to lunch to day.

·         Take sb by surprise = làm ai ngạc nhiên.

·         At the first/ second attempt: vào lần nỗ lực thứ mấy

·         Insist Sb on doing sth: quả quyết ai đó làm gì.

·         Wander (v) đi luẩn quẩn

·         Lawn = grass (n) cỏ

·         Weed (n) cỏ dại à weed (v) nhổ cỏ dại

·         Stroll (v) đi dạo

·         Dahlia (n) hoa thược dược

·         Wicked (a) độc ác

·         Phantom (n) ma, bóng ma

·         Indicate (v) chỉ ra rằng = point out

·         In the habit of doing sth: có thói quen làm gì

·         How dare you VERB: sao mày dám làm vậy….

·         Bump into sb: đụng phải ai

·         Carton (n) thùng cạc tong

·         Submit = hand in (nộp)

·         Present sth to sb =  give sth to sb = give/present sb sth

·         Chap (n) guy

·         Restoration (n) = renovation (n) sự phục hồi (building…)

·         Extensive (adj) mở rộng, bên ngoài, số lượng nhiều

·         Intensive (adj) tập trung cao độ, bên trong

·         Owe sth to sb : nợ ai đó cái gì

à Nợ ai đó cả thế giới: tạm dịch : Owe my life to special someone J

·         Reputation (n) danh tiếng à Bad/ good reputation

·         Fame (n) sự nổi tiếng à famous (a) nổi tiếng

·         Acoustic (a) the way in which the structural characteristics of a building or room affect the qualities of musical or spoken sound

The concert was recorded in a French church that is famous for its acoustics.

·         Dome (n) mái vòm

·         Real estate (n) sự kinh doanh bất động sản

·         Unveil = reveal = tiết lộ

·         Conceal V.S reveal = giấu kín V.S tiết lộ

·         Demolish (v) phá hoại

·         Spur (v) thúc giục

·         Rally (v) tập hợp lại à rally public support

·         Material (n) chất liệu, tài liệu

·         Prospect (n) viễn cảnh, cái nhìn toàn cảnh à Porspects for the future have never looked more promising.

·         Fabulous (a) 1. good 2. not real

·         The Depression (n) thời kì suy yếu

·         Be/ feel depressed = be/feel disappointed

·         In advance : trước.  Book rooms in advance

·         Lobby (n) sảnh

·         Overshadow (v) lấn lướt…

·         Stimulate (v) kích thích

·         Predict (v) đoán trước à prediction

·         Anticipate (v) tiên đoán à anticipation

·         Ambiguous (a) tham vọng

·         Be situated = be located

·         Peak (n) đỉnh, đỉnh núi

·         Wild (a) hoang dã à wilderness (n) sự hoang dã

·         Prompt (v) thúc giục, thúc đẩy

·         Prompt (a) in doing sth: mau lẹ, nhanh chóng, không chậm trễ

·         Arise (v) xuất hiện, nảy sinh

·         Tract (n) dải đất rộng

·         Abundant (a) nhiều à Abundance (n) a large number/amount

·         Potential (a) tiềm năng, tiềm tàng

·         Impact (n) ảnh hưởng

·         Acre (n) mẫu (đơn vị đo)

·         Arsenic (n) thạch tín

·         Lead (n) chì

·         Imply (v) ngụ ý à implication (n) sự ngụ ý

·         Dismay (v) (n) (sự) làm mất tinh thần, can đảm

·         Surrender (v) give in = đầu hàng.

·         Give up = từ bỏ

·         Prosper (v) thành công, phồn vinh, phát đạt à prosperous (a) thịnh vượng à Prosperity (n)

·         Conflict (n) sự xung đột

·         Conflict (v) with sb

TEST 6

·         Plow = Plough (n) (v) cày, cái cày

·         Spoonful (n) 1 thìa à a spoonful of sugar

·         on somebody's account

 vì lợi ích của ai

·   on account of something; on this/that account = FOR SB’S SAKE/ FOR THE SAKE OF SB

 do cái gì; vì lý do này/nọ

·   on no account;  not on any account

 không vì bất kỳ lý do nào

( to account to somebody for something) ghi chép đàng hoàng

we must account (to our employer) for every penny we spend during the trip

 chúng ta phải ghi chép (cho ông chủ) từng đồng xu đã chi trong chuyến đi

( to account for something) giải thích nguyên nhân gây ra điều gì

his illness accounts for his absence

 ốm đau là lý do khiến ông ta vắng mặt

FOR godness'/God's/Pete's/heaven's, etc. sake

used to emphasize requests or orders when you are angry or have lost patience

For goodness' sake don't let her know I told you!

·         On behalf of sb = thay mặt

·         In person : gặp mặt trực tiếp à you may contact us in person or by e-mails.

·         Short of sth (a) à shortage (n) sự thiếu thốn

·         In general = generally : nói chung

·         Childhood (n) thời ấu thơ

·         Undertake (v) đảm nhận, đảm trách = be in charge of…

·         Write to sb : viết thư cho ai

·         Harvest (n) (v) (sự) thu hoạch

·         needless to say

as you would expect; added to, or used to introduce, a remark giving information which is expected and not surprising

Needless to say, he'll be off work for a while.

·         Drawback = disadvantage

·         Owing to = due to = on account of = because of

·         Psychology (n) tâm lý à psychologist (n) nhà tâm lí học

·         Humidity (n) độ ẩm

·         Notable (a) famous, remarkable

·         Unit of currency: đơn vị đồng tiền

·         Emphasize (v) nhấn mạnh

·         Intellectual (a) mang tính trí tuệ

·         Help sb out: help sb to get over a difficult situation

·         Bad brakes: thắng cùn (xe)

·         Apologize to sb for (not) doing sth

·         Crisis (n) khủng hoảng

·         Fractions (phân số)

We say fractions like this:

§  1/8 one eighth

§  1/3 one third

§  2/3 two thirds

§  3/7 three sevenths

§  2/5 two fifths

§  11/16  eleven sixteenths

We normally use a singular verb after fractions below 1.

§  Three quarters of a ton is too much.

We use a plural noun with fractions and decimals over 1.

§  one and a half hours (NOT one and a half hour)

§  1 -3 millimetres (NOT 1 3 millimetre)

·         Consume (v) tiêu thụ à Consumption (n) sự tiêu thụ

·         Income (n) thu nhập

·         Nourish (v) nuôi nấng, nuôi dưỡng

·         Undernourished (a) bị nuôi dưỡng kém, không được ăn đầy đủ à an undernourished society

·         Ensure = insure (v) bảo đảm

·         Adjust (v) chỉnh sửa cho đúng à Adjustment (n) à Look! The clock is 45 minutes late. We should adjust it.

·         Adopt (v) 1. nhận nuôi 2. áp dụng à adopt a policy

·         Reputation (n) bad/ good reputation

·         Predator (n) thú ăn thịt

·         Hatred (n) ['heitrid] sự căm thù

·         Slaughter (n) sự tàn sát, sát sinh

·         Coast (n) ven biển à coastal (a) coastal sharks

·         Strive (v) struggle : đấu tranh

·         Warped (a) bị xuyên tạc, bị bóp méo = distorted

·         Distort  (v) xuyên tạc, bóp méo à distortion (n)

·         Illustration (n) sự mô tả, minh họa

·         Contrast (v: stress on 2nd syllable) (n: stress on 1st syllable) (sự) đối lập, trái ngược

·         On the contrary (exp) trái lại, ngược lại

·         Protect (n: stress on 1st syllable) (v: stress on 2nd syllable)  (sự) bảo vệ

·         Protest (n: stress on 1st syllable) (v: stress on 2nd syllable)  (sự) phản đối

·         Prescribe (v) kê đơn thuốc à make a prescription = prescribe

·         Subscribe (v) đặt báo (thường coi các chương trình bản demo free trên mạng, sau khi coi  xong họ cũng hay bắt subscribe!)

·         Generate (v) sinh ra, gây ra

·         On behalf of :  thay mặt

·         Wounded or dying animals : những sinh vật bị thương hoặc đã chết.

·         Weed sb/sth out: loại trừ, loại bỏ (weed (v): nhổ cỏ dại)

·         Cast away: quẳng đi à cast away your worries and enjoy your life: quẳng ưu tư đi mà vui sống J, cast away your fear…

·         Get rid of: loại bỏ cái gì đó…

·         Absorb (v) thấm hút à Absorption (n) sự thấm hút, sự miệt mài

·         Absorbed in sth/doing sth: miệt mài, say mê với cái gì đó

·         Reflect (v) phản ánh, phản chiếu

·         Campaign (n) chiến dịch

·         Sanctuary (n) a place where birds or animals can live and be protected, especially from hunters or dangerous conditions

a wildlife/bird sanctuary

·         Author’s tone: giọng văn của tác giả

1.      Explanatory: văn giải thích vấn đề (a)

2.      Accusatory/ accusatorial: văn tố cáo, buộc tội cái gì đó (a)

3.      Gentle : giọng văn nhẹ nhàng (a)

4.      Etc

·         Organization of a passage

1.      Order of importance (from least important to most important, for ex)

2.      Cause and effect (nguyên nhân và kết quả)

3.      Statement and example (câu – ví dụ)

4.      Chronological order (theo thứ tự thời gian, prefix Chrono- có nghĩ là “time”)

5.      Specific to general (qui nạp)

6.      general to specific (diễn dịch)

·         Release (v) 1. giải thoát 2. xuất bản

·         Publish = issue = bring out = put out = release (v) = xuất bản

·         Intricate (a) complicated: rắc rối

·         Scout (v) săn lùng

·         Reciprocate (v) đền đáp, trả lại

·         Handle (v) = control = manipulate

·         Forbid (v) = prohibit = ban

·         Allow (v) = let = permit

·         Mass produce: sản xuất đại trà

·         Lose one’s voice: không được đóng góp ý kiến…

·         Commence (v) khởi đầu, bắt đầu, trúng tuyển, đỗ

·         Lễ tốt nghiệp: Commencement ceremony  Graduation ceremony

TEST 7

·         Drunkard (n) a person who is an addict to alcoholic drinking.

·         Strict (a) nghiêm khắc

·         He passed the exam without distinction (distinction = high quality)

·         Risky (a) liều lĩnh

·         Illiteracy (n) nạn mù chữ

·         Literate (a) biết viết, biết đọc

Strict (a) nghiêm khắc

·         He passed the exam without distinction (distinction = high quality)

·         Risky (a) liều lĩnh

·         Illiteracy (n) nạn mù chữ

·         Literate (a) biết viết, biết đọc

·         Supervise (v) quan sát, trông coi

·         Supervisor (n) người quan sát, trông coi

·         Yield (v) sản xuất à That tree no longer yields fruits.

·         Yield (v) to sb : đầu hang ai (give in)

·         Multiple Numbers Comparison:(So sánh gấp nhiều lần)

S + V + multiple numbers + as + much/many/adj/adv + (N) + as + N/pronoun.

multiple numbers:half/twice/3,4,5...times/Phân số/phần trăm.

Ex:

She types twice as fast as I.

In many countries in the world with the same job,women only get 40%-50% as much as salary as men

->They are going to get the machine repaired.    

·         Be keen on: 1. khéo léo 2. be fond of

·         Take part in = join = participate in

·         Get/ Become/ grow used to = Be used to V-ing/ noun (quen với)

·         SO FAR

as/so far as I know

used to say what you think is true, although you do not know all the facts

He isn't coming today, as far as I know.

as/so far as I'm concerned

used to say what your personal opinion is about something

She can come whenever she likes, as far as I'm concerned.

as/so far as I can tell

used to say what you have noticed or understood

There's been no change, as far as I can tell.

far from sth

certainly not something

The situation is far from clear.

far from it

certainly not

He's not handsome - far from it.

so far

until now

So far we've made thirty-two thousand pounds.

insofar

to the degree that: I will do the workinsofar as I am able. (đến mức độ mà)

Art and science coincide insofar as both aim to improve the lives of men and women. The latter (Science) normally concerns itself with profit, the former (Art) with pleasure. 

-          Coincide (v) trùng hợp à Coincidence (n) sự trùng hợp

-          The latter… the former: dung để lập lại 2 vật đã nói ở câu trước, vật nào nói đến sau là the latter, vật nào nói trước là the former à Khá quan trọng

·         Retain (v) nhớ được, giữ lại được

·                     PHÂN BIỆT: to discriminate;  to distinguish;  to differentiate; to draw a distinction;   to tell the difference;  to tell apart

                        They're so alike that you can't tell them apart

·         Phân biệt chủng tộc: racial discrimination

·         Resist (v) cưỡng lại + V-ing à I couldn’t resist laughing when he told me that story = I couldn’t help laughing when he told me that story

·         Much/far + So sánh hơn = hơn NHIỀU

She is much prettier than her.

His book is much thicker than hers. The book of Peter is much thicker than that of Daisy.

·         Exhibition center : trung tâm trưng bày, triển lãm

·         Exhibit (v) phô bày, trưng bày, triển lãm, bày tỏ…

·         Impair (v) làm cho yếu đi

·         A cure/ a treatment for a disease

·         Nerve (n) dây thần kinh à Nervous (a) lo lắng

·         Reverse (v) đảo ngược lại

·         Deterioration (n) sự làm hỏng (giá trị đạo đức chẳng hạn)

·         Destroy (v) phá hủy (ko ai mong muốn, ví dụ, the earthquake destroyed the whole city)

·         Demolish (v) phá hủy (có sự mong muốn, ví dụ, they demolish the old building to build a new one.

·         Diminish (v) giảm bớt, hạ bớt, thu nhỏ

·         Enhance (v) làm nổi bật

·         Foster (v) khuyến khích, tăng cường

·         Deduce (v) suy luận, suy diễn à deduction

·         Considerate (a) tận tâm

·         Considerable (a) đáng kể à considerably (adv)

·         Sunken treasure (n) kho báu bị chìm

·         Legitimate (a) = 1. allowed by legal 2. acceptable and reasonable

·         Endeavor (n) sự nỗ lực

·         Debate (v) (n) discussion

·         Salvage (v) gom hàng hóa (khỏi đắm tàu, hỏa hoạn)

·         Shipwreck (n) sự/ vụ chìm tàu

·         Scour (v) cọ rửa, chùi sạch

·         in mint condition

perfect, as if new

CD player, in mint condition - £50.

·         Lure (v) dụ dỗ = attract, tempt

·         They do not allow smoking = They do not allow you to smoke = you are not allowed to smoke = smoking is not allowed.

TEST 8

·         Abnormality (n)

·         Miraculous

·         Miscellany

·         Miscellanious

·         You'd have a better chance/more chance of passing your exams if you worked a bit harder.

·         [+ (that)] There's a good chance (that) I'll have this essay finished by tomorrow.

·         There's a slim/slight chance (that) I might have to go to Manchester next week.

·         If we hurry, there's still an outside (= very small) chance of catching the plane.

·         "Is there any chance of speaking to him?" "Not a/No chance, I'm afraid."

·         I don't think I stand/have a chance of winning.

·         UK John thinks they're in with a chance (= they have a possibility of doing or getting what they want).

·         Her resignation has improved my chances of promotion.

·         What are her chances of survival?

·         [+ that ] What are the chances that they'll win?

·         Budget (n) ngân sách

·         Gadget (n) bộ phận, đồ dung đồ vật

·         Arrogant (a) kiêu ngạo

·         (the) chances are

it is likely

Chances are (that) they'll be late anyway.

·         concernverb (INVOLVE)     liên quan

Definition

•

[T] to be important to someone or to involve someone directly

Matters of pollution and the environment concern us all.

What I have to say to Amy doesn't concern you.

•

[T] formal If a story, film or article concerns a particular subject, person, etc., it is about that person or subject

The film concerns a woman who goes to China as a missionary.

concern yourself

[R] to become involved with something, or worried about something

There's no need for you to concern yourself with what happened.

Don't concern yourself. She'll be home soon.

To whom it may concern

something you write at the start of a formal letter or notice when you do not know exactly who it should be sent to

·         concernnoun (WORRY)      

Definition

[C or U] when you feel worried or nervous about something, or something that makes you feel worried

Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing.

There's a lot of public concern about/over dangerous toxins recently found in food.

[+ that ] My concern is that you're not getting enough work done.

·         concernnoun (IMPORTANT TO)     

Definition

•

[C or U] something that is important to you, or when something is important

[+ to infinitive] His concern to appear sophisticated amused everyone.

The company's sole concern is to ensure the safety of its employees.

There's a matter of some concern that I have to discuss with you.

•

[C or U] something that involves or affects you or is important to you

What were the major concerns of the writers from this period?

I don't want to hear about it - it's no concern of mine!

"What's happening?" "That's none of/not any of your concern."

be of concern

to be important

The results of the election are of concern to us all.

That we refer to it as taste (subject: That + S + V) is really a composite sense made up of both taste and smell.

Never before have been historical changes as accelerated as they are now.

Regardless of: không chú ý đến ai/cái gì; không quan tâm

regardless of the consequences/danger/expense

 không đếm xỉa đến hậu quả/nguy hiểm/phí tổn

he continued speaking, regardless of my feelings on the matter

 nó vẫn cứ nói, bất kể những cảm nghĩ của tôi về vấn đề đó

Irrespective of: không coi trọng hoặc quan tâm đến ai/cái gì; không kể; bất chấp

the laws apply to everyone irrespective of race, creed or colour

 luật pháp áp dụng cho mọi người, bất kể chủng tộc, tín ngưỡng hay màu da

Regardless of = Irrespective of

Rugged = rough (a) gồ ghề

Sprang up (v) nhảy

burst forth - jump out from a hiding place and surprise (someone)

Spot (v) = see

Plantation(n) đồn điền

Precise (a) chính xác

Comeback (n) sự trở lại

Renew (v) làm mới lại

Renown (n) tiếng tăm

Revive (v) làm cho tỉnh táo, hồi sinh

Indicate (v) chỉ ra

Forefront (n) hàng đầu

TEST 9

Primitive

Do you mind turning the television on now?

By chance = accidentally

Luggage (n) uncountable noun à He hasn’t got much luggage

·         Accommodation

advice

baggage

bread

equipment

furniture

garbage

information

knowledge

luggage

money

news

pasta

research

travel

water  

work

Bouquet (n) bó hoa

Twelve à twelfth

Result in: cause

Result from: do đâu, bởi tại đâu

Refuse à refusal (n)

Go jogging : đi bộ

It’s a pity = that’s / it’s too bad

How = in what way

Talk about sth = discuss sth

Mention sth

Turn out to be: hóa ra là

Admit (v) Admission fee: phí vào cổng à Admit (V): cho vào (let in)

Impulse (n) sự thúc đẩy

Interpret (v) 1. phiên dịch. 2. Hiểu sth theo một cách nào đó à Her silence could be interpreted as an agreement

Cornea (n) sừng, giác mạc

Retina (n) màng lưới, võng mạc

Optice nerve (n) dây thần kinh thị giác

Bundle (n) bó, bọc, gói

Bundle (v) bó, bọc, group (v)

Bunch (n) nải, đám à a bunch of bananas, a bunch of friends.

Vibrate (v) rung (điện thoại chế độ rung) à vibration (n)

Carry out (v) thi hành

Split (v) chia

Lead poisoning (n) nhiễm độc chì

Major (a) big, important

Dose (n) liều à die of a heroin overdose : chết vì quá liều heroin

Be exposed to sth: để cho tiếp xúc với…. à I rode my bike down the street exposing my hair to the sun ( Tôi đạp xe để chiếc đầu trần dưới nắng mặt trời)

Ingest (v) drink, eat

Digest (v) tiêu hóa

Link to (v) liên kết với

Associate with (v) kết hợp với

Association (n) hiệp hội

Associate (v) to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else (liên tưởng)

Most people associate this brand with good quality.

·     associate with sb    : giao du với…..

to spend time with a group of people, especially people who are disapproved of

I don't want my children associating with drug-addicts and alcoholics.

Chipped paint à chip = fragment (n) mảnh vỡ à chipped paint (n) mảnh vụn sơn bị tróc ra

Nail biting: cắn móng tay

Thumb sucking: mút tay cái

Comply with = abide by = obey (v) tuân theo

Dilapidate (v) làm cho tồi tàn à dilapidated houses

Reveal (v) bộc lộ ra (give away a secret chẳng hạn)

Conceal (v) dấu kín (hide a secret)

Endorse (v) chứng thực

to appear in an advertisement, saying that you use and like a particular product

They paid $2 million to the world champion to endorse their new aftershave.

Be at risk: có nguy cơ, nguy hiểm

TEST 10

He lied about his background, which worked against him.

= That he lied about his background worked against him.

= The fact that he lied about his background worked against him.

Because = because of the fact that

“Do you mind if we schedule the meeting for 11 o’clock?” “Well, actually, I would prefer it to be earlier.”

It is the 1st time that Prince of Wales has been to theUnited States, isn’t it?

Remind sb of sth

Pay off (v) đền trả xứng đáng à After my performance, there was a very big applause and at that moment I knew that all my effort was finally paid off.

Pay attention to = take notice of

People demand higher wages because prices are rising all the time

Rise (v) the sun rises on the east.

Raise + Object : raise your hand, raise my children (bring up = support = rear)

It is difficult to pay one’s bills when prices keep raising/ rising (going up)

In the rain, in the sun

In order to = to = so as (not) to

As….as = so….as (NEGATIVE SENTENCES)

She is not as (so) beautiful as her sister

Melt = thaw (v) làm tan

I understand most of this, but there are still one or two points I would like you to clear up for me.

Poor à Poverty à Impoverish (v)

Rich à Richness à Enrich (v)

Linda seems to have very little record for other people’s feelings = Linda appears unconcerned about other people’s feelings.

Basic Principle: Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs. My brother is a nutritionist. My sisters aremathematicians.

See the section on Plurals for additional help with subject-verb agreement.

The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs.

·         Everyone has done his or her homework.

·         Somebody has left her purse.

Some indefinite pronouns — such as all, some — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns.

·         Some of the beads are missing.

·         Some of the water is gone.

On the other hand, there is one indefinite pronoun, none, that can be either singular or plural; it often doesn't matter whether you use a singular or a plural verb — unless something else in the sentence determines its number. (Writers generally think of none as meaning not any and will choose a plural verb, as in "None of the engines are working," but when something else makes us regard none as meaning not one, we want a singular verb, as in "None of the food is fresh.")

·         None of you claims responsibility for this incident?

·         None of you claim responsibility for this incident?

·         None of the students have done their homework. (In this last example, the word their precludes the use of the singular verb.

Some indefinite pronouns are particularly troublesome Everyone and everybody (listed above, also) certainly feel like more than one person and, therefore, students are sometimes tempted to use a plural verb with them. They are always singular, though. Each is often followed by a prepositional phrase ending in a plural word (Each of the cars), thus confusing the verb choice. Each, too, is always singular and requires a singular verb.

Everyone has finished his or her homework.

You would always say, "Everybody is here." This means that the word is singular and nothing will change that.

Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library.

Don't let the word "students" confuse you; the subject is each and each is always singular — Each is responsible.

Phrases such as together with, as well as, and along with are not the same as and. The phrase introduced by as well as or along with will modify the earlier word (mayor in this case), but it does not compound the subjects (as the word and would do).

·         The mayor as well as his brothers is going to prison.

·         The mayor and his brothers are going to jail.

The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things.

·         Neither of the two traffic lights is working.

·         Which shirt do you want for Christmas?

Either is fine with me.

In informal writing, neither and either sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase beginning withof. This is particularly true of interrogative constructions: "Have either of you two clowns read the assignment?" "Are either of you taking this seriously?" Burchfield calls this "a clash between notional and actual agreement."*

The conjunction or does not conjoin (as and does): when nor or or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb. Whether the subject comes before or after the verb doesn't matter; the proximity determines the number.

·         Either my father or my brothers are going to sell the house.

·         Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house.

·         Are either my brothers or my father responsible?

·         Is either my father or my brothers responsible?

Because a sentence like "Neither my brothers nor my father is going to sell the house" sounds peculiar, it is probably a good idea to put the plural subject closer to the verb whenever that is possible.

The words there and here are never subjects.

·         There are two reasons [plural subject] for this.

·         There is no reason for this.

·         Here are two apples.

With these constructions (called expletive constructions), the subject follows the verb but still determines the number of the verb.

Verbs in the present tense for third-person, singular subjects (he, she, it and anything those words can stand for) have s-endings. Other verbs do not add s-endings.

He loves and she loves and they love_ and . . . .

Sometimes modifiers will get betwen a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the agreement between the subject and its verb.

The mayor, who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally going to jail.

Sometimes nouns take weird forms and can fool us into thinking they're plural when they're really singular and vice-versa. Consult the section on the Plural Forms of Nouns and the section on Collective Nouns for additional help. Words such as glasses, pants, pliers, and scissors are regarded as plural (and require plural verbs) unless they're preceded the phrase pair of (in which case the word pair becomes the subject).

·         My glasses were on the bed.

·         My pants were torn.

·         A pair of plaid trousers is in the closet.

Some words end in -s and appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs.

·         The news from the front is bad.

·         Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women.

On the other hand, some words ending in -s refer to a single thing but are nonetheless plural and require a plural verb.

·         My assets were wiped out in the depression.

·         The average worker's earnings have gone up dramatically.

·         Our thanks go to the workers who supported the union.

The names of sports teams that do not end in "s" will take a plural verb: the Miami Heat have been looking … , The Connecticut Sun are hoping that new talent … . See the section on plurals for help with this problem.

Fractional expressions such as half of, a part of, a percentage of, a majority of are sometimes singular and sometimes plural, depending on the meaning. (The same is true, of course, when all, any, more, most and some act as subjects.) Sums and products of mathematical processes are expressed as singular and require singular verbs. The expression "more than one" (oddly enough) takes a singular verb: "More than one student has tried this."

·         Some of the voters are still angry.

·         A large percentage of the older population is voting against her.

·         Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.

·         Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire.

·         Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy.

·         Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the policy.

·         Two and two is four.

·         Four times four divided by two is eight.

If your sentence compounds a positive and a negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb should agree with the positive subject.

·         The department members but not the chair have decided not to teach on Valentine's Day.

·         It is not the faculty members but the president who decides this issue.

·         It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students to riot.

Habit (n) thói quen

Manner (n) à Table manner : cách ăn uống sao cho lịch sự, đúng

Plenty of = much / many