lexicology
LEXICOLOGY
1. Describe the two types of transference . Give three examples of each type
Based on the two types of logical associations underlying the semantic process , the two types are : - Transference based on the semblance : also linguistic metaphor , the meanings formed through this type are frequently found in the informal strata of the vocabulary .
- Transference based on contiguity : also linguistic metonymy , the association is based on subtle psychological links between different objects and phenomena , sometimes traced and identified with much difficulty . Meanings produced through this type sometimes originate from geographical or proper names .
Ex: - Name of a container for what is contained:
One more pint, please = One
more beer, please.
- Name of material for the product
EX: milk , iron , taffeta
- Proper name as-common name.
Ex: Sandwich , volt , welt , Honda
2. functional , how many types can affixes be classified into ? give three examples of each type
1. affixation is a way of word building in which a new word is formed by adding an affix or several affixes to some roots or morphemes .
2. Four types of affix
+ Noun - forming Ex: - er ,suf ; s person => translator , actor . - ion , suf : state / action => confession , conversion . ship , suf : condition / state => partnership , friendship
+ verb - forming Ex: - ize , suf : to make => computerize , modemize . - en , suf : to make => harden , widen
+ Adverb - forming Ex : -ly , suf :in the manner of => logically , beautifully . - ward(s) , suf : motion towards => downward , homeward
+ Adjective - forming Ex: -able , suf : capable of being => comparable , changeable . - ish , suf : like => yellowish , reddish . - ive , suf : quality of => interactive , passive
3. provide at least 3 synonyms for each of the bold - italic words in the following joke and underline dominant one .
Fame - chiefly a matter of dying at the right moment
4. what is the foundation for a modem and effective approach to synonyms ? Name at least three types of connotations and two examples to illustrate each type you have cited
* - Ideographic (words conveying the same notion but differing in shades of
meaning) _ ·
- Stylistic ( differing in stylistic characteristic)
- Absolute ( coinciding in all their shades or meaning and in all their
stylistic characteristics).
* l . Connotation of degree of intensity .
to surprise - to astonish - to amaze
to shout - to yell - to bellow - to roar
2. Connotation of duration
to stare - to glare - to gaze ·- to glance - to peep - to peer
W to flash - to blaze
3. Emotion Connotation .
to stare - to glare -tt gaze
alone - single - lonely - solitary
4. Evaluative connotation
well Inown - famous - notorious - celebrated ·
to produce - to create - to manufacture - to faricate
5. Causative connotation
to shiver -- to shudder - cause of trembling
to shiver with cold, Hom a chill or because of the frost
to shudder with fear; horror
6. Connotation of manner .
to like -- to admire - to love - to adore - to worship
_ to stroll to stride - to trot - to pace -_to swagger - to stagger - to
- stumble _
7. Connotation of attendant circumstances
to peep - to peer
to pump - to pour - to funnel - to inject
8. Connotation of attendant features
pretty, handsome, beautiful
· snack. feast
9. Stylistic connotations
- first, some scholars do not regard the word's stylistic characteristic as a t
conntative componemt of its semantic structure.
- Second. stylistic conntative are subject to further classification
Namely : colloquial, slang, dialect, learned, poetic, archie .... .
Eg: Meal - snack - bite - snap - refreshment - feast
5. Identify the neutral compounds in the word combinations given below and write them out in three columns in your test paper : A. simple neutral compounds ; B. neutral derived compounds ; and C. neutral contracted compounds . an air conditioned hall ; a glass - walled - room ; to fight against H-bomb ; a heavy topcoat ; a car's windshield ; a snow-while handkerchief ; big A. A. guns , thousands of gold - seeker
A. simple neutral compounds : a heavy topcoat ; a car's windshield ; a snow-while handkerchief
B. neutral derived compounds : an air conditioned hall ; a glass - walled - room ; thousands of gold - seeker
C. neutral contracted compounds : to fight against H-bomb ; big A. A. guns
6. structurally , what types can compounds be divided into ? illustrate your answer with examples
Structurally , compounds can be divided into into 3 main groups :
A. Neutral compounds : are compounds formed by joining 2 or more stems without any device . Ex: boyfriend , blackboard , notebook
Depending on the structure of constituent stems , there are 3 subtypes of neutral compounds . they are : - simple neutral compounds : Ex: sunflower , bedroom , tallboy - Derivational compounds : have affixes in their structure . Ex: absent-mindedness , blue-eyed. - contracted compounds : have a shortened stem in their structure . Ex: TV-set , X-ray
B. Morphological compounds are formed by 2 or more stems with the help of linking a vowel or a consonant . Ex: handicraft , scio-economic , chemotherapy
C. Syntactic compounds are formed from segments of speech , preserving in their structure numerous traces of syntagmentic relation of speech as in the noun Ex: mother - in -law , merry-go-round
7. Find cases of conversion in the following sentences : 1, the clerk was eyeing expectantly 2, under the cover of that protective din he was able to toy with a steaming dish which his waiter had brought
1. Eye 2. Toy
8. what are the main ways of enriching English vocabulary ? Give two examples to illustrate each way
There are 4 ways of forming new words
1. conversion Ex: to monkey , to head , to nose , to room
2. Affixation Ex: develop - development -developing ; happy -unhappy - happiness - unhappiness
3. composition Ex: tallboy , bedroom , spokesman , mother - in - law
4. Shortening Ex: telephone - phone ; examination - exam ; influenza - flu ; mathematics - maths
9. Explain meaning of affixes given below . Decide what parts of speech are formed with their help
-some -age - ive - like
Homo- geo- ultra- dia-
10. synonyms are sometimes described as words with dual characteristics . what is meant by this ? Give examples to support your point
While they share the same denotation their connotations are different .
By duality or the dual chacteristiques of synonyms, we means synonyms are both the same and difference. They are the same in that they often share the same denotative components or denotation, and they are different in that their connotative components or connotations are usually different.
Eg: Denotative component Connotative component
To stare: to look steadily. lastingly In surprise, curiosity
To gaze : ~ In tenderness, wonder, admiration
To glare: ~ In anger, ra e, fury
11. what are the sources of homonyms . give examples of each source
a. Phonetic changes
Eg: - writan ( before) - to write ( now)
- reht, ril1t (b4) - right (now)
- sae - see
b. Borrowing
Eg:
- Rite (11) - write (v) - rigl1t (adj)
- Rite is latin borrowing ( ritus)
- Piece (n) - peace (11)
Piece is Gaulish borrowing Qaettia) ·
c. Word - building
Eg:
- comb (n) - to co111b (v)
- mew (n)
- bang (_n) - to ba11g(v)
d. Spit polisemy (da nghia tach biet)???????????????????
12. how can compounds be classified structurally and semantically ? give two examples of each subcategory
Structurally, how many types can compounds be classified into?
Structural ly. compounds can be classified into 3 types:
k. Neutral compounds:
Neutral compounds are compounds from joining 2 stems without using
any linking element.
Ex: boyschool / girlfriend / birthday
Structurally, new compounds can again be classified into 3 subtypes:
+ Simple neutral compounds: are compounds whose components are root words.
Ex: bedroom, birthrate, tallboy
+ Derivational compounds are compounds of which one component or
both are derived word.
Ex: Theatre-goer
Absent-mindedness
Music-lover
+ Contracted compounds are compounds of which one component is a contracted word .
Ex: TV-set
H-bag
V-day
1. Morphological compounds (tu ghép hinh vi):
Morphological compounds are compounds formed by combining two
stems with the helps of the linking vowel components (non-productive).
Ex: salesman Anglo-Saxon
scocio-economic speedometre
spokesman
m. Syntactic compounds (tu ghép cu phap)
Syntactic compounds are compounds formed segments of speech;
preserving in their structure traces by syntagmatic relation typical of speech as in
the nouns.
Ex: lily-of-th-valley: cay hoa lan chuong
merry-go-around: vong quay xe oto
up-to-date:
mother-in-law:
oil-for-food:
Semantically, how many types can compounds be divided into?
Semantically. compounds can be divided into 2 types:
n. Non-idiomatic
o. Idiomatic
+ Non-idiomatic compounds: are compounds whose meanings can be seen
as the sum of meaning of their components
Ex : deskfan bathroom
ceillingfan livingroom.
schoolboy sleepingbag
classroom workingman
+ Indiomatic compounds: are compounds of which the meanings of their components have been partially or completely changed or lost.
Ex: butterfly blackboard
Greentinger horsesense (luong tri chat phac)
horsemarine
13. Explain meaning of affixes given below . Decide what parts of speech are formed with their help : -hood -age -cide -ment -en ; contra- enti- ppre- pro- en-
14. what is the difference between colloquialisms and slang words ? Give examples of each type
Colloquial (adjective) means pertaining to common/ordinary/everyday or familiar conversation, not formal, academic or literary.
It can be used to describe terms used in normal discourse between people of a particular language group. In many languages there are colloquial phrases and expressions, and many of these may not be listed in standard dictionaries. However, they are often used, and everyone knows what they mean. [Etymology: Colloquial is from colluquy, Latin colloquium, from con, with, + loquor, to speak]
Examples of colloquial language: 'We must get someone in to help us balance the books. Do you know a good accountant?" "It's no good leaving her a message to phone you back. You can wait until the cows come home and she'll never call!"
Slang (noun) refers to words, phrases and uses of language that are considered to be very informal and the usage is often restricted to special contexts or is only used by a particular class, profession, social group, etc. e.g. prison slang, or in speech by people who know each other well.
Some slang includes abusive, offensive or vulgar langauge and 'taboo' words.
Most slang expressions are spoken, not written and would be considered inappropriate in formal types of communication.
Examples of slang "We get smashed (drunk) every Friday night." "We've all had this bug (illness) for a week."
15. what is the main characteristics of the American English vocabulary ?
Historical Americanisms
Proper Americanisms · _
Borrowings: canoe, moccasin, war path
Shortenings: auto, movies, mo (moment)
16. the meaning of the word is not decided by itself , but by its relation with the others . Give 3 examples to illustrate the idea
17. what is conversion in lexicology ? Give 3 examples to illustrate your answer
Conversion is a way of word-building in which a new word is formed by changing the category of part of speech of an existing word with its morphemic shape remaining
unchanged.
Ex: love (n) - > to love (v)
nail (n) -- > to nail (v)
mouth (n) -> to mouth: tham thi
18. what is understood by "Polysemy" in the English language ? give examples for illustration
polysemy is the existence of several connected meaning with a word as the result of development or changes of its original meaning
Ex : - fire ; flame ; burning ; strong ; feeling
- to have dinner ; to eat dinner
- to have a house ; to own ; to process a house
19. what are homonyms and what are the different types of homonyms in the English language ? Give examples for illustration .
* Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and spelling or at least inlone of these aspects but different in their meaning
E Eg: - ball (n) a sphere; any spherical body
- ball (n) a large dancing party
- run (v) go or travel hurriedly, briefly. Seek election (run 4 president)
* Types of homonyms in the English language
a. homonyms proprer ( giting hoan toan)
Homonyms proprer which are the same in sound and spelling
b. Homophones ( co cung am nhung khac ve each viét)
They are the same in sound but different in spelling
Eg:
. knight ( n) - night
piece (n) - peace (n)
scient (n) - cent (n)
c. homographs
these are words which are the same in spelling but different in sound
• Record (n) - facts knovm about a person's past
• Record (v) - to officially state
• Bow (n) - a flexible strip of wood for propelling arrows V
• Bow ( v) - to incline the head or body in solution
20. what characterizes idioms ? give examples
Idiom or phraseology are characterized by a double sense : the current meanings of constituent words build up certain picture but the actual meaning of the whole unit has little or nothing to do with that picture in itself creating an entirely new image
Ex: " a dark horse" is actually not " a horse" but " a person" about whom none knows anything defined , so one is not sure what can be expected from him
- The " green-eyed monster" is " jealousy" , the image being draw to " Othello" .
21. what are idiomatic compounds and non-idiomatic compounds ? Give at least two examples for each
+ Non-idiomatic compounds: are compounds whose meanings can be seen
as the sum of meaning of their components
Ex : deskfan bathroom
ceillingfan livingroom.
schoolboy sleepingbag
classroom workingman
+ Indiomatic compounds: are compounds of which the meanings of their components have been partially or completely changed or lost.
Ex: butterfly blackboard
Greentinger horsesense (luong tri chat phac)
horsemarine
22. what types of semantic components can be distinguished within the meaning of a word ? Give at least three examples to prove your idea
Semantic structure of a word consists of two main components namely:
• Denotative component- Denotation
· Connotative component - Connotation
Ex:
words DC CC
_ Create Make st -22 Original, requiring skill & dexterity
. (tinh xao)
Manufacture ~ -23ln large number with the help of .
machinary
thrifty (a) Careful about money -24a good quality
Stingy (a) ~ -25a bad quality
Plump(a) Fat -26 pleasant looking, with round contours
-27 unpleasant looking, with a a too much '
Qbese Fat flesh.
Denotative component
Lonely , adj -> alone , without company
Notorious , adj -> widely known
To glare , v -> to look
Denotative component Connotative component
Lonely , adj -> alone , without company + melancholy , sad (emotive connotation)
To glance , v.-> to look + briefly , passingly ( connotation of duration )
To glare , v -> to look + steadily lastingly ( connotation of duration )
+ in anger , rage etc . ( emotive connotation )
23. what does transference refer to in lexicology ? Give examples of transference
transference is the process of development of a new meaning ( a change of meaning )
Ex: the word " carriage" had ( and still has ) the meaning " a vehicle drawn by horses" , but the first appearance of railways in English , it received a new meaning that of " a railway car"
24. List ways of forming new words . Give examples of each way
c. Affixation (Phu to)
Election (n) - > by-election (n)
Create (v)-- > creator (n)
Terrible (adj.) - > terribly (adv)
d. Conversion (Chuyen loai)
Nail (11) -- > to 11ail (v)
Love (11) ·- > to love (v) .
Yield (11) - > to yeild
e. Composition
Fanclub
- Forget-me-not
E atl1er-i11-law
f'. Shortening
TV (from television)
USA (United States of America)
EU (European Union)
Lab (Laboratory)
Prof (Professor)
25. Semantically , what should be noted in conversion ? Give examples
Semantically, when a word is formed by conversion, its meanings may be slightly
different fiom that of the word from which it was made. However, there are certain
semantic or logical associations with the former (this helps the listener or the reader to deduce the meaning of the new word).
Ex: feed (n): food for animal or infant
Feed (v): put food into the mouth of .
supply with food
26. Give examples of derived words and analyze them to prove that the meaning of a derived word is not always a sum of the meanings of its morphemes
In + famous -> infamous
In + valuable -> invaluable
Example : invaluable normally, the prefix "in" gives the negative meaning such as invalid( means expired) ,but in this case, ''in " from invaluable gives the positive meaning ( invaluable means worthy, priceless, pricious ). The derived word (invaluable) is not a sum of the meaning of its morphemes ( prefix "in" and root " valuable ". So, This example prove that the meaning of a derived word is not always a sum of the meanings of its morphemes
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