Grammar file 3

1.      Write two sentences in each of these groups

- Morpheme: is the smallest meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme can’t be divided without altering or destroying its meaning .e. g.: book, girl, boy bound morpheme as irresponsible , careful , disadvantage

- Stem (also the base form) is the part of the word to which an inflectional affix is or can be added .e. g.: In English the inflectional ,affix “s" can be added to the stem "work’ to form plural ‘works" —in the "works of Shakespeare .The stem of a word may be

+ a simple stem consisting of only 1 morpheme: days, months, weeks

+ a root plus a derivational affix :workers , g1_;tj;_ts, learning + 2 or more roots: bookshops ,households , babysitters,- Root (also based form) is a morpheme which is the basic part of a word & may occur on its own .e .g.: cold, old, hold, rhythm". Root may join to other roots: notebook ,blackboard , or take affixes coolness , manly   _

—Affix is a letter or a group of letters which is added to a word &which changes the meaning 'or function of the word . Affixes are bound e_ form that can be added

+ To be the beginning of a word(prefix, prefixes) · · »

+ To the end- of a word (suffix , suffixes )

+ Within a word (infix, infixes): fisherman , handicraft, speedometer

• Root

• Stem.

2.      Write two sentences in each of these groups

- Inflectional morphology studies the way in which _words vary or inflect in order to express grammatical construct in sentences. e.g. “ed" can be used to form pest tense .

"es ,s" can be us;-ed to form present tense "er" comparative adj

—Derivational morphology studies the principal governing the construction of new word (without reference to specific grammatical role). A word might play in the sentence.

e.g. "er"+ v = noun (learner, teacher".) ' "en" + adj = verb (enable, ensure".) . "less" / "ful" + noun = adj Careful, - meaningful , meaningless. ..

3.      Write two sentences in each of these groups

4 mains ways -

— Substitution test

According to this;‘ any word combination of the E sentence that can be replaced by a single word without changing the grammaticality of the sentence is called a phrase. .

E. gc that young teacher teaches E at my university ,

-> John teaches E at my university.

-> "That young teacher" can be

replaced by "John" to make a new sentence sharing the same grammaticality which is why we can conclude - that "that my young teacher" is a phrase. .

- Movement criterion

According to this, any word combination of E sentence that can be move to another position in the sentence without changing the .meaning of the sentence is called a ·

phrase.

Ex: I met him for the first time in this street .

: In this stress, I met him for the first time.

 Although the positions of the adv place in the above sentences have changed, their meaning remains the same. Therefore, we can conclude that "in the stress" is a phrase.

- Conjoining criterion

According to this, any word combination of the E sentence that can be conjoined with a similar one without changing the grammaticality of the sentence is called a phrase.

Ex: that old man gave her everything she wanted.

That old man & that old woman gave her everything she wanted.

-> "That old man” can be combined a similar sequence "‘that old woman" to make a new

sentence without changing the grammaticality of the sentence. So, " that old man" is called a phrase. I

We can see beautiful houses in big cities

We can see beautiful houses in big cities and small towns.

- Anaphora criterion: fep thay the tien ngu

According to this, any preceding a word combination antecedent that can be replaced by a pro-word is called a phrase.

Ex: that well-dressed lady is my neighbor. she is very nice to me.

—) "That well-dressed lady" can be replaced by ‘_‘she" which is why we can determine it as a phrase.

4.      Write two sentences in each of these groups

The antecedent is a preceding word or a phrase that is referred back to by a singer word (anaphora) in the next sentence or in the next part of the sentence.

 Ex: that handsome little boy is very polite. He says hello whenever lie  sees me. .

She likes om but I hate it

5.      Write two sentences in each of these groups

 Det are the function words, which  are used to specify the references of  the noun. 3 groups may be identified:

 - Pre determiners: all, both, half

Multipliers: _double, twice

— Central determiner: article (a, an,  the), demonstrative determiners, and possessive determiners. ..

— Post determiners: 2 groups

+ Ordinal, numerals and semi- determiners

 Ex: same, former, other, later...

+ Cardinal and quantifying determiners

Ex: every, each, either, neither, any, no, all of , some of, a lot of, enough, none of. . . .

6.      Write two sentences in each of these groups

Many people support iris idea but I hate his .

Det                        pro

She needs some; drinks and I want

some, too.

Det                   pro

A determiner id a word which is always follow by a noun and limits

the meaning of the noun in some ways whereas a pronoun is a word that can be used in place of a noun or a noun phrase.

7.      Write two sentences in each of these groups

FG proposed by British Linguist Halliday , is a   studying 3 basic function of language.

a. the ideational function  is to organize the speakers or writers experience of the real or imagined persons, action, events, stages, things. ..

b. Interpersonal function is to indicate, establish or maintain social relationship between people. It includes forms of address speech function, modality. ..

c. Textual function is to create written or spoken text which cohere within themselves

and which fit the particular situation in which they are used.

8.      Write two sentences in each of these groups

Traditional grammar is a grammar which is usually based on earlier grammar of Latin or Greek and applied to some other language, often inappropriately, It studies the  language elements or parts of speech separately.

Ex: the noun, verb, adj (8 parts of speech)

The biggest problem in this grammar lies in the fact that it is not consistent internally. For

example, it defines the adv as a part of speech modifying the verb (ex. I only like him) but in fact the adv can modify other part of speech as well (ex: the only girl that I like is

the most intelligent one)

Another problem of this grammar is that most of the explanation of grammatical meaning given by this grammar are based on institutions , which is why it is sometime difficult to tell the difference between different grammatical concept in traditional grammar, for instance, the different between the gerund and the present continuous verb. This rammar,

however, provide modem linguistic with a lot of terms.

9.      Write two sentences in each of these groups

Transformational grammar is a theory of grammar which was proposed by American linguist Chomsky in 1957. Chomsky attempted to provide a model for the description of all languages. Transformational grammar tries to show, with a system of rules; the knowledge which a native speaker uses in informing grammatical sentences.

This grammar studies basic language pattern to create (1) and transform sentences (2) -

(1) Sentence = noun phrase + verb phrase

Ex: She teaches English

(2) Noun phrase l + verb + NP2 = NP2+aux+V(en)+ by + NP1

Ex: English is taught by her.

17/ what is immediate constituent grammar? (IC)

IC grammar is a grammar studying the language layers to identify the meaning. According to this grammar, language elements don’t belong to the same layers. They

belong to different layers creating different meaning. .

Ex: More beautiful women are coming

More / beautiful women (1)

more beautiful / women (2)

(1)more women who are pretty are coming

(2)woman who are prettier are coming

¤ More beautiful flowers are being grown. '

10.  Write two sentences in each of these groups

PG is a grammar providing the language users with normative rules given by such people as dictionary publishers, editors, critics, writer, teacher...for example, never end an sentence with a preposition and it is wrong to slit a ‘to infinitive with an adv.

As such ‘who arc you speaking to'? Or ‘they tried their best to successfully complete the course ‘ would bc considered wrong or ungrammatical. Certainly, these rules an: out of date now.

11.  Write two sentences in each of these groups

PG is concerned with prescribing rule of language unit. It consists of a number of rule or regulation prohibiting language use.  It provides language users with normative rules. Ex: it advices language user not to slit the "to infinitive" with an adv, not to end the sentence with a preposition or not to use double negative to express a negative idea

Ex: I don’t understand nothing.

12/ what is descriptive grammar?

DG is a grammar studying constitutive rule of the language or another word it describes the grammar system of language exactly as it is.

According to this grammar, there is nothing imposed which is why it accepts such sentences as ‘I have  nothing’., ‘I do understand nothing’, ‘she don’t care’, he ain’t here’.

13/ classify E sentences on the ground of their structures.

On the ground of their structures, sentences can be divided into 3

types:

a. Simple sentences: are those having a subject and a predicate.

b. Compound sentences are those consisting of 2 or more independent sentences connected by the means of coordination

Ex: money id a good servant but a bad master.

Plants need sunshine and people need love.

c. Complex sentences are those consisting of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

‘Ex: my life. ended when you said goodbye.

Where love is thin, hatred becomes thick. .

14/ what’s notional verbs, aux verbs, link verbs, modal verbs?

- Notional verbs are verbs having full lexical meaning of their own and can be used in a sentence as at simple predicate.

- Aux verbs are verbs having no lexical meaning of their own and are used as form- words, thus having only a purely structure function of forming negative and interrogative sentences, passive voice and perfect tenses.

Ex: ‘be’ in continuous tenses and passive voice ‘do’ in negative and interrogative forms of indefinite tenses.  ‘,have’ in perfect tenses ‘should, would’ in future in a past and subjunctive. "

— Link verbs are verbs having partly lost the lexical meaning and are used as part of a compounded nominal predicate, they can be followed by an adj.

Ex: it turn hot today.

He looks tires.

— Modal verbs are special group of verbs that can’t be used independently without notional verbs though they have lexical meaning of their own. The meanings expressed by modal verbs are those of modality such as ability, necessity, determination, obligation .... to perform an action denoted by a notional verb. They are used as pan of compound predicate. ·

Ex: can, may, must.; _

* What‘re modal auxiliary? 

Modal auxiliaries are verbs that can be used as both aux (to form negative and interrogative sentences) and modals to denote. some modality of an action: ability,

determination necessity, likelihood, certainty. . .

15/ why are ‘dare’, ‘need’, ‘used to’ ballad semi-models?

They are called semi—modals because they can be used as both modal and full verb.

Ex: dare you ,call her now? (Modal)

I don’t dare to see her again. (full)

D0 you need me to tell you twice? (Full)

You needn’t look at me ?so tensely. (modal)

I used to play ball when I was a little girl. (full) . .

Used you to smoke cigarette like that before? (Modal) 

38/ what is the different. between ‘used to do "smth’ and ‘ would ‘do smth’? When both of them are use to denote sth happening in a past?

The dif£ between them is that ‘would do’ need an indicator of time in the past while used to do "doesn’t need such an indicator.

Ex: I‘d listen to radio when I was young.

I used to live in HCM city.

When we were in love he’d offer me present.

There used to be a small pagoda here.

I used to believe that there was ghost.

Note: both are used to denote past

existence.

16. In what way can verb be formed?

New verbs in English can be formed in 3 main ways:

1. Conversion

Words of other word classes are converted into verbs.

Eg : Green — to green

Pale - to pale

2. Affixation

Affixes (either prefixes or suffixes) are added to a root to form verbs.

Eg: sure —— to ensure

able — to able , red — to redden , short — to shorten , estimate — to overestimate

tate  —- to overstate , do — overdo , modern — modernize , Vietnam - Vietnamese

3. Composition

Two or more roots or stems are combined to form verbs

To baby-sit, to blood transfer, to stir-try, to deep-fry, to lip-read

17. Explain the difference in the following sentences in terms of subject — verb agreement and meaning. ·

a) The number of questions in the exam was twice as large as I had expected

b) A number  of secondhand books were  on sale at the car park.

In sentence (a), the word number is definite in the context and it’s the subject of the sentence and it is singular in form. The Verb is also singular form (was).

In sentence (b), the word number  is indefinite. It is a part of a compound which is used in the function of attribute (premodifier) , then the group "secondhand book" is the subject of a sentence, therefore the verb is used in its plural form (were)

18. State the use of present progressive ·

The present progressive is used to indicate:

1. Event or action in progress

Eg: She is phoning her boyfriend in Australia. .

2. Temporary activities (action will end and therefore lacks the permanent:. of the simple present tense). ·

Eg: .My parents . are living in Hochiminh City.

She is working for s foreign company.   ·

3. , Repetition or iteration in a series of similar ongoing action;

Eg: The demonstrator are walking on the street, shouting slogan.

She is playing the piano in the living room.

4. Future action (When the event is planned, usually with future time

adverbial).

Eg: They are holding their wedding party next week.

She is leaving Vietnam for England today. -

5. Emotional comments on present habits (usually occurring with

"always" or "forever")

Eg: You are always losing your key.

She, is forever talking about herself

19. What are the 4 traditional moods in E? .

1. Indicative mood (thuc tran thuat) to give information or to state facts.

Ex: I am a student. '

2. Imperative mood: induce someone to do smt, to perform a Certain action

Ex: Don’t talk too loudly.

3. Interrogative mood: to ask questions

Ex: Can love be measured by hours in a day'? "blowing in the wind"

How many times must a man walk down before u can call him a man?

4. Exclamatory to express emotion or attitude ·

Ex: How beautiful the landscape here is! What a clever idea!

20. What is the different between compound & complex sentence?

*A compound sentence consists of 2 or more clauses coordinated with each other by a coordinator.

Ex: He came at 6 and we had dinner together .

. She didn’t tell me the truth, nor did she lie

Take it home or leave it there.

*A complex sentence consists of 2 or more clauses joined by subordination. In most cases 1 of the clauses is treated as principle and the other (or others) as subordinate

(except sentences .with subject & predicative clauses where there’s no principle clause) ,

Ex: Wherever u are, I always think of you

No matter how rich u are, u never can buy my love.

Don’t say hello until u get out of the wood

21. What is the difference between tense & aspect?

"‘Tense is the linguistic expression of time relation. Tense of the V is a grammatical . category of the V indicating the time of an action. Tense form may indicate whether

an action or state is past, present or future;

There are 3 tense: present, past, future

*Aspect is a grammatical category of the V showing the way in which an action is performed or different characteristic of an action.

There are 3 aspects

1. Indefinite aspect indicating:

+ A habitual or repeated action

+ A permanent property of an action

Ex: I often go to school in the morning.

The earth moves around the sun

2. Continuous aspect, expressing:

+ An action is progress at the moment of speaking

Ex: I am reading a book now.

+ The continuity of an action

Ex: My family is living in Hanoi city.

+ Near future action (with previous arrangement) .

Ex: She’s holding a wedding party right after the graduation exam.

3. The perfect aspect, indicating

+ An action' completed before a certain moment

Ex: We have bought a new TV set.

+ The duration of an action

counting from the starting point up ‘ to a certain moment

Ex: We have learned E at Hanu university  for 4 ears.

22, what is the different  between the following 2 sentences in term of tense & aspect & meaning

A.  She lived in London for 5 years.

B. She has been living in London for 5 years.

In sentence A, the past simple is used to denote an action which happened during a  certain period in the past & already completed, having nothing to do with the

present time. The action is indefinite in the time of occurrence. The speaker names the action only. However in sentence B, the present perfect continuous is used to express an action which started in the past and continuous up to the present time and is not finished yet. The speaker wants to mention the incompleteness of the action counting to present.

23, Explain the use of inversion .Give ex to illustrate it.

inversion is a grammatical phenomenon of the E language in which the predicate

(or part of the predicate) is-placed before the subject. There are 2 main cases of the use of inversion in E

a. Grammatical inversion': to construct certain types-of sentences

1, Interrogative sentences Can u give me a iii} home?

Did u enjoy the party last night?

  Sentences introduced by "there", “here"

There is a teacher in the class Here he said to me.

3: Exclamatory . sentences expressing wish

Last forever our friendship.

Come what may!

4:Imperative sentences of negative meaning with the subject expressed

by a pronoun

Can u hear my heart beating'?

Doesn‘t u see tears in my eyes?

5.-Clauses of unreal condition when me conjunction "if" is omitted.

Should u have a new lover, inform me immediately.

Had he tried harder, he would have succeeded.

6. Sentences introduced by “so, neither, nor" followed by structural V

He doesn’t  know what to do, neither do I.

b. Stylistic inversion: td emphasize certain part of a sentence by placing it in the front position.

Ex: Such is life Never shall I tell u about that again. .

So important was the news that I had to inform my family at once.

24, how are nouns formed in E?

3 main ways:

1. Conversion: words of other classes are converted into nouns

Ups & downs

Must — a must ·

Criminal — a criminal

2. Combination: words arc formed

by adding 2 or more roots or free

morpheme  2 gather

Whitehouse, bluebottle, notebook

3. Derivation: words are formed by adding affixes either prefixes or suffixes to a root-(or both) to some roots

Unhappiness , uncarelessness

25, how are the E compound nouns infected for plural?

3 V main ways:

1. By changing the final element into plural . ·

Ex: merry – go – round -> merry – go - rounds

. House-wife -> house wives , Postman —-> postmen

2. by adding "s" to the noun stem

Passer – on -> passers – by , Looker – on -> lookers – on

Lady-in—waiting ·—> ladies-in - waiting

3. In compounds having man & woman as the lst stem, plural form appears in both

Woman-teacher -—-> women – teachers , Man-servant —+ men-servants

26, Can plural form change the lexical meaning of singular noun in E? Give 5 example

*Air: mixture of gas '

—-> airs: affected, artificial manner To put on airs:

*Compass: device for determining nr indicating direction

—compasses an instrument for drawing circles

*Drawer: a sliding box opened by pulling

——> Drawers: under- garment for the lower body

*Good: smt that’s good

— Goods: personal property of value "‘People: human beings in general

—> Peoples: persons that are united by common culture, tradition

*Custom: established socially accepted practices

—~> Customs: agency for collecting taxes, duties "‘Pain: physical disorder, sensation

caused by injury

-> Pains: labor pain, great efforts

27, what’s the different between adverb & adverbial?

* Adv refers to a pmt of speech (word class). It’s used to modify & qualify V, adj, advs or even clauses or sentences.

Ex: We try hard to get a best result

We are very tired;

Obviously, what she said is groundless

*Adverbial (modifier) refers to the function of the adv in the sentence.

Adverbial can be a word, a phrase or a clause.

Ex: We follow what’s happening in

Thailand with great concern - He killed the young man for no reason

Whenever I see her, I see the smile on her face

28. What is zero derivation? (Conversion)

Zero derivation (also known as conversion) is 'the formation of a new word by changing its word class (part of speech) without adding any affixes.

eg: a book – to book , wate – to water

29.  What’s the difference between an empty subject and preparatory subject?

Empty or (vague) subject is the subject represented the impersonal pronoun " to express phenomena such. as time distance, temperature. ..

Ex: It’s 5km from my house to my university.

It rained hard last night in HN.

Preparatory (or introductory) is the subject represented by “it" to substitute a word, word group or clause to follow.

Ex: it’s not worth reading –It’s time you return me book.

30. Which of the following sentences is more formal?

It was essential for the member countries to sign the agreement by

December 15th

— It is essential that the remember countries sign the agreement by the

December 15th

—>Second sentence is more formal than 1st sentence because the

structure ‘it’s + adj + that + clause” is often used in formal style language

while “it’s + adj+ for sb + to do st” is often used in spoken language.

31. Write the sentence that have:

a) An object complement express by clause

Ex: you can call me whatever you want.

You don’t think your money is what i love you. · ‘

b) An adj in the positive degree of comparison.

Ex: you are as beautiful as the rose.

She is as tall as her mother.

c) An ordinal numeral used es a pronoun. 

.Ex:__ she has many lovers but sire gets married with the second.

I’ve met him very much but I remember the l“ most.

d) A reported request:

Ex: she told me that not to go beck home too late.

He advised me not to get that work. ‘

e) A subsantivized  adj formed by the structure  "the+ adj"

Ex: the Russian arc always optimistic.

The criminal was sentenced 6 years.

32. What’s the use of present participle?

Basically, P.P is used:

l. To form continuous tenses

Ex: I’m studying English ‘in HANU.

2. As attribute (pl can precede or follow the n it modifies)

Ex: she tries to calm the crying child.

3. as adverbial modifier.

a._A time

Eg: seeing mom after 4 years absence. I burst into tears.

b. cause.

Ex: knowing what he did, I can’t trust him anymore.

c. Manner

ex: she run home grasping.

d. concession.

Eg: while saying he loves her, he does not want to marry her.

4. in a number of set phrases:

Generally speaking

Providing

Considering.

33. What is the past participle (pg)?

Basically, P2 is used:

1. To form passive voice

Ex: I never want to be spoken that way.

2. To form the perfect tense. ?

Ex: I’ve in HN for 10 years. ‘

3. Attribute.

Ex: stolen kiss are sweet. .

4. Adverbial modifier.

a) A time.

Ex: asked why she cried, she only

kept silent.

b) Condition

Ex: she never talks to anyone unless spoken to.

c) Manner.

Ex: Don’t ask, do it as requested

d) Concession

Ex: Vietnam, though tom by the

world has developed rapidly.

5. as predicate.

Ex: you look exhausted today.

34. What is the use of Gerund?

a) Subject.

Ex: seeing is believing Teaching children is not an easy job.

b) Object

ex; we avoid mentioning that matter in her presence.

Ex: I like reading. (General)- I like to read. (at the moment of speaking).

c) Complement

Ex: your task now is learning.

Ex: they consider her works disturbing.

d) Attribute.

Ex: you should learn  the- art _ of being a good neighbor.

Thinking global must be the way of living of modem pp.

e) Adverbial modifier:

+ A time.

Ex: before crossing the road, I’d look both ways. On hearing the news, I rushed home.

+ Manner.

Ex: I answered his question without thinking twice.

+ Reason

Ex: he was sentenced to 2 years in prison for trafficking drugs.

+ Purpose

Ex: This room can be used for dancing

+ Concession

Ex: despite being busy, she tries to find time to help me.

35. Put the adj in the box into the correct category listed  from A. ·->E.

A. demonstrative: This, that, those.

B. Interrogative: what, which, where. A

C. possessivez his, her, my

D. quantitative: many, few, little

E. Qualitative: Bad, light, green.

76. What tense is used in each of the following sentences?

a) We have English grammar every Friday.

Simple present which indicating habitual action, routine at the

present time.

b) They will have left when you get there.

1st is future perfect indicating an action that will be completed in the future prior to some other fixture time or event .

2nd   is simple present used in adverbial l clause of time to denote fixture action.

c) I’ve been writing a book

Present perfect continuous indicating the incompleteness of an action starting at some points of time in the past and continue to the present time.

d) He worked in Japan for 5 years.

Simple past indicating an action which happened during a certain period in the past and already completed, having nothing to do with present time.

e) Mr Lan and her husband are leaving for Beijing tomorrow morning.

Present continuous indicating a future action. '

36. Provide brief explanation for the use of “the” in the following sentence.

a) The computer I have access is very powerful.

‘The’ is used for the noun definite by the situation or context.

b) The Earth is moving through the space at a

epproximatelly72360l km/h

‘The’ is used with unique object.

c) Do you  the poor are getting poorer?

‘The’ is used for substantivization.

d) The dog is a faithful animal.

‘The’ is used for classifying a certain class from other.

e) What are you doing at the moment? ·

‘The’ is used in time expression.

37. Read the half sentence marked (*) bellow and completed in 4. ways.

The student work hard ..... {*)

a) With an adverbial of time.

When the exam drawing near.

b) With an adverbial clause of reason.

Because they want to get a good mark.

c )with an adverbial of purpose,

so that their parent could be proud of them.

d) With an adverbial of concession

Despite poor condition in campus.

38. Explain the use of underline structure in the following sentences.

a) It seems very likely to happen, but if it should .we need well- prepared.

‘Should’ refers to possibility a possible event in the future.

b) Never did I imagine anything so wonderful.

Inversion is used to emphasize "never".

c) if possible  you should be here by 7am

Omission/reduction for a reduce clause. (‘if it is possible).

d) I can’t forgive myself for having be lined

The gerund takes a perfect passive form and acts as prepositional

object.

e) lt was they who dug the old scandal.

Anticipatory is used to make emphasis

39. Analyze the use of present Progressive in the following sentences.

a) They are always eating out.

To emphasize the present habit

b) They are eating out a lot these days. ‘

To indicate the continuity of an action in a. period at present.

c) They are eating out  tomorrow.

A near future action. (It’s already planned.)

40: What is the function of adverb in sentences?

The function of the adverb is that of an adverbial modifier. On the ground of function and meaning, adverb can be classified into:

1. Adverb of manner which is used to denote the manner of an action, the way in which something can be done. '

Ex:  I did answer your question very clearly

— Why did u ask it again?

- She sings a lullaby beautiful

2) Adverb of place which denotes the location of position.

Ex: she spent the whole day in her room crying

3. Adverb of time which denotes

the time of an action which denotes the time expression. They may refer to definite time or duration of time .

Ex: I met one of close friends of mine yesterday by chance

4. Adverb of frequency which denotes a frequency of an action (once, twice, a year) (definite) or (seldom, rarely, usually). . ..(indefinite)

Ex: She comes back home for a visit twice a year

Seldom can u see such a beautiful house in Vietnam

5. Adverb of degree to denote the degree, to denote an action to

perform (quite, enough, rather, hardly)

Ex: She speaks E much better than do

6. adverb of intensifier  which is used gradable adj and adverbs to strengthen the meaning (Really, greatly, extremely, awfully, particularly)

Ex: I’m awfully sorry for what I have done to you

She was extremely happy when she’s got the news

41: What are the differences between the pair of adverb?

a) high- highly

- "high" adv refers to! height: add or to a height place altitude

Ex: He can jump very high "highly" means to a high or extreme degree or favorable

Ex: Don’t think too highly of yourself

We highly appreciate your effort

- hard- hardly ‘

"hard" means with great effort, energy or in a manner

Ex: They learn very hard

I slap him hard on his face

"hardly" almost not, barely with difficulty

Ex: I can hardly understand him

I hardly knew anything about her

c) Free- freely

— "free" adv: without payment

Ex: Take 1 book free, please Poor people can eat here free "freely" 'without restraint

Ex: Don’t talk to freely here

42: Give the description of adverb  in the E language

The adverb is a part of speech specify action or quality .The function of adv in sentence is

that of adverbial modifier: Advs can modify verbs (ran quickly), adjs (very bad) and adv (fairly well). Most advs do not change morphologically, but some advs ‘ have degree of comparison ·

43: Explain the ways of forming adv

Advs can be formed . in the following ways:

1. Adding "ly" to an adj

Ex: quickly, really A

2. Adding "ly" to a noun

Ex: daily, weekly, monthly V

3. Adding "ways" or "ward" & “wise” .

Ex: highways, backward, homeward, clockwise

4. Adding "a" toa noun

Ex: ahead, asleep

5. Adding "in" or "out" to a noun

Ex: inside, outside, indoor, outdoor,

in length, out length

  44: Explain adverbial modifier

Adverbial modifier can be formed by means of

I. An adv

Ex: She is crying bitterly

She speaks E very well ’

2. A preposition of phrase

Ex: From deep in my heart, I

believe that you  will overcome

3. Clause

Ex: When I was young, I 'used to

play hide and seek game

Although she doesn’t like him,

she doesn’t want to hurt him

45: What is the intensifier in  the English language?

The intensifier in the class of words, generally adverbs, which are

used to modify gradable adj, advs, verbs or "ed" participle -

Ex: He is awfully sorry for what he says ‘

Whole village was completely destroyed

I am really interested in what u have told me about

46: Give the description of pronoun in E language:

The pronoun is part of speech including words with a very general or relative meaning. It is used as substitution of a noun or an adj ,  Being substutive of other parts of speech) Pronouns are used- very frequently and form a considerable part of any texts  or conversations, though as a part of word the there are not numerous

There are several features that pronouns have in common, which distinguish them from noun

a. They do not admit determiners (a + the)

b.They often have an objective case,

(he/hjm/ she] her! I! me)

personal distinction and overt gender contrast

c. The singular and plural forms are often not morphologically related

47: What is _ the _difference between   possessive adj and possessive pronoun ?

  .

Possessive adjs must go with the noun, or noun; phrase, ;whereas possessive pronouns never goes with noun and are stressed in speech. They refer equally to things, people, singular and plural. Ex: He is my friend They’re my friend

She has bought some new shirts and her are very expensive

While "hers" is pronoun. It stands ’ for Possessive adj "her" and noun already mentioned

Ex: Her family is very happy ones. I like hers very much.

48: what is the difference between defining and non-defining clause?

— Non- defining (non— restrictive) clauses are placed after noun which are more information about such noun. They are not essential in the sentence & can be omitted without causing confusion.

Non- defining clauses are separated from their nouns by comma  (this construction is fairly  come & more common in   than in spoken E)

Ex: Elizabeth Taylor, whose is very famous A film star has got engaged for the 7th time

- Defining clauses on the other hand limits and defines the antecedent more clearly. These Are not separated from their noun by a comma.

Defining clause is essential pen of a sentence & can not be omitted without causing confusion

Ex: She met the man, who she had been in love with by chance

The building in which president lived was destroyed

49: What is the use of ordinal number?

- Ordinal numeral is used when u want to identify or describe something by indicating where they come in   series or sequence

Ex: Where do u come __in your family?

(Most of ordinal number are formed with the help of suffix ‘th" added to a cardinal number)

Ex: I like the 1st  not the 2nd

- Ordinal numeral are usually used with

+ Definite article "the"

Ex: The 1st man I love is an engineer, the 2nd I love is a teacher

+ Date ofthe: month

Ex: Our deadline is 10th of June

+ As pronoun & adv

Ex: The 1" lesson was more interesting than the 2nd

Who want to go 1st ?

50: Give the rule to read decimal part in the E numeral

The decimal part is separated from the integer ( integral numbers) by a point & read separately

Ex: 0.35 (not! zero point three five)

51: Give the rule to read fraction?

In a fraction number, the numerator is read with cardinal number & the domination is read with ordinal number. If the numerator is greater than l , the denomination take the

Plural form

Ex: l/3 (one third), 2/3 (two thirds), 13 % (thirteen and three quarters)

52: Give the rule to read the figure? .

a. " Nought " is often used in BE to talk about the zero "0" as part of number

Ex: A million is followed by 6 nought

b. “Oh": when saying or reading on telephone or bank account number etc in BE and

AE. We say figure “0" as a letter "0"

Ex :  My account number is 0204-381 (Oh two oh four three eight & one)

_ The code is 47005 (four seven double oh five)

c. “Zero" is used especially in scientific, medical & economic context _

Ex: the temperature here rarely falls below 0 c (zero)

d. "Nil" is used when talking about the score in the team game

Ex: The final score is three nil 1)

e. "Love" in tennis

Ex: The score in the game court 1 is 30- 0 (thirty love)

53. What is the use of repetition of the comparative E  the E language?

The repetition of the comparative can convey the idea of general increase or decrease

Ex: The consumption prices are getting higher and higher

The global climate becomes warmer and warmer

The construction of "the” comparative can show cause & effect relation

Ex: The more she speaks, the less we believe in her

The more u have money, the less sense u have

54. Give the description of punctuation

The punctuation marks separate, group & quality words & elements in sentences. The purpose of punctuation is to clarify the meaning of written language.

In general, punctuation mark should prevent mis-reading by bringing out more clearly the

authors' intended meaning

Ex: The middle-age lady in black is successful woman in business

55. State the use of reflexive pronoun?

Reflexive pronouns (also called self—pronoun) are used to express action that refer to the doer of the action -or when we want to emphasize. They have the grammatical category of person number and gender (the third person singular) Reflexive pronouns are used as

noun- pronoun in one of the following functions:

1. as predicative showing feeling, emotion and state.

Ex: I’m not quite myself today

2. As object indicating the action return to the doer. That is, when the subject and the object the same person

Ex: I hate myself for loving him

3. As adverbial modifier of manner emphasizing that a person does smt by himself without anybody’s help.

Ex: I did it by myself

4. In apposition to a noun or a noun having an emphasize meaning.

Ex: The director himself gave her the diploma.

56. What are phrase verbs?

Phrasal verbs are verbs made up of 2 or more words which function semantically and grammatically as single verb. '(Traditionally, phrasal verbs are defined as verbs followed

by a particle — alternatively described as preposition, an adverb or combination of the two.) Semantically, phrasal verbs can be classified into three types: "

A. Literal phrasal verbs are those verbs where the particle retains its literal adverbial meaning.

Ex: the picture has come off the wall,

Please hand out these copies among your friends.

B. Figurative phrasal verbs are those verbs where no systematic way of semantic association. It’s the verb and the particle can be found.

Ex: please don’t give up your dreams.

I can’t put up with them any longer.

C. Completive phrasal verbs are those verbs where the particle indicates completed action.

Ex: they burnt down the whole village.