1.Quantitative equivalence (Munday)

One-to-one equiv, one-to-many equiv., One-to-part-of-one equivalence, Nil equivalence

2.Meaning-based equivalence: (see Koller)

   Denotative, connotative, pragmatic, text normative, formal equivalence

3.Function-based equivalence: (see Nida)

Dynamic equivalence, formal equivalence

4.Form-based equivalence: (see Baker)

Equivalence at word, sentence, or text level

1. Quantitative equivalence

* One-to-one equivalence

A single expression in TL is equivalent to a single expression in SL.

* One-to-many equivalence

More than one TL expressions are equivalent to a single SL expression.

* One-to-part-of-one equivalence

A TL expression covers part of a concept designated by a single SL expression.

*Nil equivalence

no TL expression is equivalent to a single SL expression

2. Meaning-based equivalence

*Denotative equivalence is one in which the SL and TL words refer to the same thing in the real world. This is the referential identity between SL and TL units.

*SL and TL words should produce the same communicative values in the mind of native speakers of the two languages

Or the equivalence transmitted by specific choices between synonymous expressions with respect to level of style (register), the social and geographical dimension, frequency, etc.

3. Text-normative equivalence

The SL and TL words using the same or similar text types in their respective languages.

4. Pragmatic equivalence

The SL and TL words have the same effect on the reader Or mainly aiming at the receiver, to whom the translation is directed. Also called “communicative equivalence”

5. Formal Equivalence

Possibilities of formal equivalence with respect to categories such as rhyme, verse form, rhythm, special stylistic forms of expression in syntax and lexis, word play, metaphor and so on.Formal equivalence is particularly used in translation of poems, songs, etc.Also called ‘expressive equivalence”