3. Luong gia tri hang hoa. Nhan to anh huong den luong gia tri hang hoa

Luong gia tri hang hoa

Chat cua gia tri la lao dong truu tuong cua nguoi san xuat hang hoa ket tinh trong hang hoa. Vay luong gia tri la do luong lao dong hao phi de san xuat ra hang hoa do quyet dinh. a/Thuoc do luong gia tri hang hoa :

Do luong lao dong bang thuoc do thoi gian nhu: mot gio lao dong, mot ngay lao dong... Do do, luong gia tri cua hang hoa cung do thoi gian lao dong quyet dinh. Trong thuc te, mot loai hang hoa dua ra thi truong la do rat nhieu nguoi san xuat ra, nhung moi nguoi san xuat do dieu kien san xuat, trinh do tay nghe la khong giong nhau, nen thoi gian lao dong ca biet de san xuat ra hang hoa cua ho khac nhau. Thoi gian lao dong ca biet quyet dinh luong gia tri ca biet hang hoa cua tung nguoi san xuat. Nhung luong gia tri xa hoi cua hang hoa khong phai duoc tinh bang thoi gian lao dong ca biet ma bang thoi gian lao dong xa hoi can thiet. Thoi gian lao dong xa hoi can thiet la thoi gian can thiet de san xuat ra mot hang hoa trong dieu kien binh thuong cua xa hoi, tuc la voi trinh do ky thuat trung binh, trinh do kheo leo trung binh va cuong do lao dong trung binh so voi hoan canh xa hoi nhat dinh. Thong thuong, thoi gian lao dong xa hoi can thiet trung hop voi thoi gian lao dong ca biet cua nhung nguoi cung cap dai bo phan loai hang hoa nao do tren thi truong.

b) Cac nhan to anh huong toi luong gia tri hang hoa

Do thoi gian lao dong xa hoi can thiet luon thay doi, nen luong gia tri cua hang hoa cung la mot dai luong khong co dinh. Su thay doi nay tuy thuoc vao nang suat lao dong va muc do phuc tap hay gian don cua lao dong.

- Luong gia tri hang hoa thay doi do tac dong cua nang suat lao dong:

Nang suat lao dong la nang luc san xuat cua nguoi lao dong, no duoc tinh bang so luong san pham san xuat ra trong mot don vi thoi gian hoac so luong thoi gian can thiet de san xuat ra mot don vi san pham. Nang suat lao dong xa hoi cang tang, thoi gian can thiet de san xuat ra hang hoa cang giam, luong gia tri cua mot don vi san pham cang it. Nguoc lai, nang suat lao dong xa hoi cang giam, thi thoi gian can thiet de san xuat ra hang hoa cang tang va luong gia tri cua mot don vi san pham cang nhieu. Luong gia tri cua mot don vi hang hoa ty le thuan voi so luong lao dong ket tinh va ty le nghich voi nang suat lao dong. Nhu vay, muon giam gia tri cua moi don vi hang hoa xuong, thi ta phai tang nang suat lao dong. Den luot nang suat lao dong lai tuy thuoc vao nhieu nhan to: trinh do kheo leo cua nguoi lao dong, su phat trien cua khoa hoc ky thuat va trinh do ung dung tien bo ky thuat, su ket hop xa hoi cua san xuat, hieu qua cua tu lieu san xuat, cac dieu kien tu nhien.

Tang nang suat lao dong va tang cuong do lao dong tac dong khac nhau doi voi luong gia tri hang hoa. Cuong do lao dong la muc do khan truong, cang thang cua lao dong. Khi cuong do lao dong tang, thi luong lao dong hao phi trong cung mot don vi

thoi gian tang va luong san pham duoc tao ra tang tuong ung con luong gia tri cua mot don vi san pham khong doi. Tang cuong do lao dong cung giong nhu keo dai thoi gian lao dong.

- Luong gia tri hang hoa, phu thuoc vao tinh chat cua lao dong, do la: lao dong gian don va lao dong phuc tap.

Lao dong gian don la su hao phi lao dong mot cach gian don ma bat ky mot nguoi binh thuong nao co kha nang lao dong cung co the thuc hien duoc.

Lao dong phuc tap la lao dong doi hoi phai duoc dao tao, huan luyen.

Trong cung mot don vi thoi gian lao dong nhu nhau, lao dong phuc tap tao ra duoc nhieu gia tri hon so voi lao dong gian don. Lao dong phuc tap la lao dong gian don duoc nhan gap boi len. De cho cac hang hoa do lao dong gian don tao ra co the quan he binh dang voi cac hang hoa do lao dong phuc tap tao ra, trong qua trinh trao doi nguoi ta quy moi lao dong phuc tap thanh lao dong gian don trung binh. Nhu vay, luong gia tri cua hang hoa duoc do bang thoi gian lao dong xa hoi can thiet, gian don trung binh.

c) Cau thanh luong gia tri hang hoa

De san xuat ra hang hoa can phai chi phi lao dong bao gom lao dong qua khu ton tai trong cac yeu to tu lieu san xuat nhu may moc, cong cu, nguyen vat lieu va lao dong song. Vi vay, luong gia tri hang hoa duoc cau thanh boi ca gia tri cua nhung tu lieu san xuat da su dung de san xuat hang hoa, tuc la gia tri cu (ky hieu la c) va hao phi lao dong song cua nguoi san xuat trong qua trinh tao ra hang hoa, tuc la gia tri moi (ky hieu la v + m). Gia tri hang hoa = gia tri cu tai hien + gia tri moi. Ky hieu: W = c+ v+ m.