The Laws of Nature

These are three important laws of physics that are fundamental but have been disputed.

Information conservation. This law states that in a closed system information cannot be lost. This law is tied to the idea of conservation of entropy.
S = -Tr p ln p.
Where Tr is a trace, which is an n by -n square matrix, and p is a density matrix. These matrices are related to a volume of space in which the elements in the matrices are the quantum states of the objects in the volume of space.

This law came into focus when Stephen Hawking proposed that the information is irretrievably lost in a black hole. This idea was refuted by the holographic universe theory.

Equivalence Principle. This has to do with the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass. Stated another way by Einstein: the acceleration imparted to a body by a gravitational field is independent of the nature of the body.

In other words:
Inertial mass minus acceleration is equal to intensity of the gravitational field minus the gravitational mass.

This implies that a free falling object is going to fall the same no matter what it is or how large it is. If it's huge it will strike with more force, but the acceleration will be the same as a less massive object.

I don't know why anyone would dispute this law. Galileo proved it centuries ago.

Quantum Xerox Principle. This law states that you can't duplicate quantum information faithfully. The idea here is that if you build a quantum duplicator (sort of like a Xerox machine) you expect to get a perfect duplicate and the original back, but that kind of a machine is impossible. This is the result of the fact that a quantum state must always be linear and that isn't what you get. If one spin is up and the other is down, the quantum Xerox machine could make both spins up or both down. This is the result of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

The thing that comes to mind here is the Star Trek transporter, which depends upon duplicating all of the quantum information in a person's body. This law would negate that from happening. You would end up as someone else.
These are strange laws, but they have interest to quantum physicists.

Thanks for reading.