MAO TU BAT DINH

1/ A

®øng tr­íc mét phô ©m hoÆc mét nguyªn ©m(o,y,e,u,a) cã ©m lµ phô ©m.

VÝ dô

:

- a

game (mét trß ch¬i); a boat (mét chiÕc tµu thñy)

- a

university (mét tr­êng ®¹i häc);

a year (mét n¨m)

- a

European (mét ng­êi ¢u); a one-legged man (mét ng­êi thät ch©n)

2/ An

®øng tr­íc mét nguyªn ©m hoÆc mét h

c©m.

VÝ dô

:

- an

egg (mét qu¶ trøng);

an ant (mét con kiÕn)

- an honour (mét niÒm vinh dù); an hour (mét giê ®ång hå)

3/ An

còng ®øng tr­íc c¸c mÉu tù ®Æc biÖt ®äc nh­ mét nguyªn ©m.

VÝ dô

:

- an

SOS (mét tÝn hiÖu cÊp cøu); an MSc (mét th¹c sÜ khoa häc), an X-ray (mét tia X)

4/ A/An

cã h×nh thøc gièng nhau ë tÊt c¶ c¸c gièng.

VÝ dô

:

- a tiger (mét con cäp);

a tigress (mét con cäp c¸i)

-

an

uncle (mét «ng chó);

an aunt (mét bµ d×)

1/

Tr­íc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®­îc.

VÝ dô:

- We need a microcomputer (Chóng t«i cÇn mét m¸y vi tÝnh)

- He eats an ice-cream (Anh ta ¨n mét c©y kem)

2/

Tr­íc mét danh tõ lµm bæ tóc tõ (kÓ c¶ danh tõ chØ nghÒ nghiÖp)

VÝ dô

:

- It was a tempest

(§ã lµ mét trËn b·o d÷ déi)

- She'll be a musician (C« ta sÏ lµ mét nh¹c sÜ)

- Peter is an actor (Peter lµ mét diÔn viªn)

3/

Trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l­îng nhÊt ®Þnh

VÝ dô

:

- a

lot (nhiÒu); a couple (mét cÆp/®«i); a third (mét phÇn ba)

- a

dozen (mét t¸); a hundred (mét tr¨m); a quarter (mét phÇn t­)

L­u ý

a

còng ®­îc dïng tr­íc half

(nöa, r­ìi), khi half

theo sau mét sè

nguyªn vÑn. Ch¼ng h¹n, 2 1/2 kilos = two and half kilos

hoÆc two kilos and a half

(hai kÝ r­ìi), nh­ng

1/2 Kg = half a kilo

(nöa kÝ) [kh«ng cã a tr­íc half

].

§«i khi ng­êi ta vÉn dïng a + half + danh tõ,ch¼ng h¹n nh­ a half-dozen (nöa t¸), a half-length (bøc ¶nh chôp nöa ng­êi); a half-hour (nöa giê).

4/

Trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ ...

VÝ dô

:

- 90 kilometres an hour (chÝn m­¬i kÝ l« mÐt/giê)

- 4 times a day (bèn lÇn mçi ngµy)

- 2 dollars a litre (hai ®« la mét lÝt)

- a/an = per (mçi)

5/

Trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sù c¶m th¸n

VÝ dô

:

- What a pity! (thËt ®¸ng tiÕc!)

- Such a picturesque hill! (mét ngän ®åi thËt th¬ méng!)

- What a beautiful painting! (mét bøc tranh tuyÖt vêi!)

nh­ng:

- Such picturesque hill

s

! (nh÷ng ngän ®åi thËt th¬ méng!)

- What beautiful painting

s

! (nh÷ng bøc tranh tuyÖt vêi !)

6/

a cã thÓ ®øng tr­íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + hä

VÝ dô

:

- a

Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith

-

a

Mr Smith nghÜa lµ "mét ng­êi ®µn «ng mang tªn Smith" vµ ng­êi nãi kh«ng biÕt «ng nµy, trong khi Mr Smith (kh«ng cã a) nghÜa lµ "«ng Smith" mµ ng­êi nãi cã biÕt.

KHONG DUNG MAO TU NHAT DINH

1/

Tr­íc danh tõ sè nhiÒu

A

/An kh«ng cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu. V× vËy, sè nhiÒu cña a cat lµ cats vµ cña an apple lµ apples .

2/

Tr­íc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc

VÝ dô

:

- He gave us good advice (¤ng ta cho chóng t«i nh÷ng lêi khuyªn hay)

- I write on paper (T«i ghi trªn giÊy)

3/

Tr­íc tªn gäi c¸c b÷a ¨n, trõ phi cã tÝnh tõ ®øng tr­íc c¸c tªn gäi ®ã

VÝ dô

:

- They have lunch at eleven (hä dïng c¬m tr­a lóc 11 giê)

- You gave me an appetizing dinner (b¹n ®· cho t«i mét b÷a ¨n tèi thËt ngon miÖng).

Tuy nhiªn, nÕu lµ b÷a ¨n ®Æc biÖt nh©n dÞp nµo ®ã, ng­êi ta vÉn dïng m¹o tõ bÊt ®Þnh.

VÝ dô

:

- I was invited to breakfast (b÷a ®iÓm t©m b×nh th­êng)

(T«i ®­îc mêi ¨n ®iÓm t©m).

- We were invited to a dinner given to welcome the new director.

(Chóng t«i ®­îc mêi dù b÷a ¨n tèi chµo mõng vÞ gi¸m ®èc míi).

Nãi riªng vÒOne

·

One

(tÝnh tõ/®¹i tõ)

dïng víi another/others.

VÝ dô

:

- One

day they drink wine, another day they drink beer.

(Cã ngµy hä uèng r­îu, cã ngµy hä uèng bia).

- One (student) wanted to watch TV,

another/others wanted to play chess

(Cã ng­êi (sinh viªn) muèn xem TV, ng­êi kh¸c l¹i muèn ®¸nh cê)

·

Cã thÓ dïng One tr­íc day

(ngµy) /week

(tuÇn) /month

(th¸ng)/

year

(n¨m)/summer

(mïa hÌ)/winter

(mïa ®«ng)

…

... ®Ó chØ mét thêi gian ®Æc biÖt nµo ®ã.

VÝ dô

:

- One night there was a persistent rain. (Mét ®ªm nä, trêi m­a dai d¼ng)

- One day you'll be sorry you spoke highly of your neighbours.

(Mét ngµy nµo ®ã, b¹n sÏ ©n hËn lµ ®· ca ngîi nh÷ng ng­êi l¸ng giÒng cña m×nh)

·

One

còng lµ mét ®¹i tõ t­¬ng ®­¬ng cña A/An.

VÝ dô

:

- Did you get a seat? - Yes, I managed to get one.

(B¹n ®· t×m ®­îc mét chç ngåi ch­a? - V©ng, t«i ®· xoay së ®­îc mét chç ngåi)

Sè nhiÒu cña One theo c¸ch nµy lµ Some (vµi, mét Ýt).

VÝ dô

:

- Did you get a refrigerator? - Yes, we managed to get some.

(C¸c b¹n ®· mua ®­îc tñ l¹nh ch­a? - V©ng, chóng t«i ®· xoay së ®­îc vµi c¸i).

§Æc biÖt lµ trong The rent is

£400 a month

(tiÒn thuª nhµ lµ 400 b¶ng mét th¸ng), kh«ng thÓ thay a b»ng one.

HINH THUC CUA MAO TU XAC DINH

The

dïng cho c¶ danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc (sè Ýt lÉn sè nhiÒu) vµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc.

VÝ dô

:

- The

truth (sù thËt)

- The

time (thêi gian)

- The

bicycle (mét chiÕc xe ®¹p)

-

The

bicycle

s

(nh÷ng chiÕc xe ®¹p)

DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH

The

dïng cho c¶ danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc (sè Ýt lÉn sè nhiÒu) vµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc.

VÝ dô

:

- The

truth (sù thËt)

- The

time (thêi gian)

- The

bicycle (mét chiÕc xe ®¹p)

- The

bicycle

s

(nh÷ng chiÕc xe ®¹p)

KHONG DUNG MAO TU XAC DINH

1/

Tr­íc tªn quèc gia, tªn ch©u lôc, tªn nói, tªn hå, tªn ®­êng.

VÝ dô

:

Europe (Ch©u ¢u), South America (Nam Mü), France (Ph¸p quèc), Downing Street (Phè Downing)

2/

Khi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc hoÆc danh tõ sè nhiÒu dïng theo nghÜa chung nhÊt, chø kh«ng chØ riªng tr­êng hîp nµo.

VÝ dô

:

- I don't like French beer (T«i ch¼ng thÝch bia cña Ph¸p)

- I don't like Mondays (T«i ch¼ng thÝch ngµy thø hai)

3/

Tr­íc danh tõ trõu t­îng, trõ phi danh tõ ®ã chØ mét tr­êng hîp c¸ biÖt.

VÝ dô

:

- Men fear death (Con ng­êi sî c¸i chÕt)

Nh­ng:

- The death of the President made his country acephalous (c¸i chÕt cña vÞ

tæng thèng ®· khiÕn cho ®Êt n­íc «ng kh«ng cã ng­êi l·nh ®¹o).

4/

Sausë h÷u tÝnh tõ

(possessive adjective) hoÆc sau danh tõ ë së h÷u c¸ch

(possessive case) .

VÝ dô

:

- My friend, chø kh«ng nãi My the friend

- The girl's mother = the mother of the girl (MÑ cña c« g¸i)

5/

Tr­íc tªn gäi c¸c b÷a ¨n.

VÝ dô

:

-They invited some friends to dinner.

(Hä mêi vµi ng­êi b¹n ®Õn ¨n tèi)

Nh­ng:

- The wedding breakfast was held in a beautiful garden

(B÷a tiÖc c­íi ®­îc tæ chøc trong mét khu v­ên xinh ®Ñp)

6/

Tr­íc c¸c t­íc hiÖu.

VÝ dô

:

- President Roosevelt (Tæng thèng Roosevelt)

- King Louis XIV of France (Vua Louis XIV cña Ph¸p)

7/

Trong c¸c tr­êng hîp sau ®©y:

- Women are always fond of music (Phô n÷ lu«n thÝch ©m nh¹c)

- Come by car/by bus (§Õn b»ng xe «t«/xe bóyt)

- In spring/in autumn (Vµo mïa xu©n/mïa thu), last night (®ªm qua), next year

(n¨m tíi), from beginning to end (tõ ®Çu tíi cuèi), from left to right (tõ tr¸i sang ph¶i).

- To play golf/chess/cards (ch¬i g«n/ ®¸nh cê/®¸nh bµi)

L­u ý

·

Nature

mang nghÜa "Tù nhiªn , thiªn nhiªn " th× kh«ng dïng the.

VÝ dô

:

- According to the laws of nature

(Theo quy luËt tù nhiªn)

- They couldn't tolerate city life anymore and went back to nature

(Hä kh«ng chÞu næi ®êi sèng thµnh thÞ n÷a vµ trë vÒ víi thiªn nhiªn)

·

He listened to the radio

(Anh ta nghe ra®i«), nh­ng He watched

television

(Anh ta xem TV) ; hoÆc He heard it on the radio

(Anh ta nghe ®­îc viÖc ®ã trªn ra®i«), nh­ng He saw it on TV

(Anh ta thÊy viÖc ®ã trªn TV).

·

Go home/get home (§i vÒ nhµ), be at home (

™

nhµ), nh­ng They

returned to the bridegroom's home

(Hä trë l¹i nhµ chó rÓ).

Go to bed/hospital/church/school/ work/prison (§i ngñ/®i n»m bÖnh viÖn/®i lÔ/®i häc/®i lµm/ ®i tï), nh­ng They went to the school to see their children's teacher

(Hä ®Õn tr­êng ®Ó gÆp thÇy cña con hä) & The

priest goes to the jail to

pray for the two dying prisoners

(Linh môc ®Õn nhµ tï ®Ó cÇu nguyÖn cho hai ng­êi tï ®ang hÊp hèi) & She will get a bus at the church (C« ta sÏ ®ãn xe bóyt ë chç nhµ thê).

Nãi chung, kh«ng thÓ thiÕu

The nÕu ®Õn tr­êng kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó häc, ®Õn nhµ tï kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó ë tï hoÆc ®Õn nhµ thê kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó dù lÔ.

DANH TU

1/ TiÕng Anh cã 4 lo¹i danh tõ :

·

Danh tõ chung

(Common nouns)

: Bird (chim), Policeman (c¶nh s¸t viªn), Pen (bót).

·

Danh tõ riªng

(Proper nouns)

: Vietnam (ViÖt Nam), London (Lu©n §«n), Mrs Hoa (Bµ Hoa), Peter (Peter).

·

Danh tõ trõu t­îng

(Abstract nouns)

: Talent (tµi n¨ng), Mercy (lßng nh©n ¸i), Joy (niÒm vui), Sadness (nçi buån).

·

Danh tõ tËp hîp

(Collective nouns)

: Crowd (®¸m ®«ng), Flock (®µn, bÇy), Group (nhãm), Swarm (bÇy, ®µn), Team (®éi) ...

2/ Chøc n¨ng cña danh tõ:

·

Chñ tõ cña mét ®éng tõ :

Peter

arrived (Tom ®· ®Õn)

·

Bæ tóc tõ

(complement) cña ®éng tõ

Be , Become

(trë nªn), Seem

(d­êng nh­): Peter becomes a soldier (Peter trë thµnh ng­êi lÝnh)

·

Tóc tõ

(object) cña mét ®éng tõ

:

Last week, I saw Peter in this street (TuÇn råi, t«i gÆp Peter trªn con ®­êng nµy)

·

Tóc tõ cña mét giíi tõ

(preposition)

:

I spoke to his parents (T«i ®· nãi chuyÖn víi bè mÑ anh ta)

L­u ý

Danh tõ còng cã thÓ ë trong së h÷u c¸ch : Peter's wallet (C¸i vÝ cña Peter)

GIONG CUA DANH TU

1/

C¸c gièng:

·

Gièng ®ùc

chØ ®µn «ng, con trai vµ nh÷ng con thó ®ùc (®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t­¬ng øng lµ He/They)

·

Gièng c¸i

chØ phô n÷, c¸c c« g¸i vµ nh÷ng con thó c¸i (®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng t­¬ng øng lµ She/They)

·

Trung tÝnh

chØ nh÷ng vËt v« sinh, nh÷ng ®éng vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt gièng, kÓ c¶

nh÷ng ®øa trÎ mµ ta ch­a râ trai hay g¸i (®¹i tõ It/They)

2/

Sau ®©y lµ nh÷ng danh tõ cã h×nh thøc gièng ®ùc vµ gièng c¸i nh­ nhau:

Artist (nghÖ sÜ), cook (®Çu bÕp), driver (tµi xÕ), guide (h­íng dÉn viªn), catholic (tÝn ®å Thiªn chóa), scientist (nhµ khoa häc), tourist (du kh¸ch), passenger (hµnh kh¸ch)...

3/

Sau ®©y lµ nh÷ng danh tõ cã h×nh thøc gièng ®ùc vµ gièng c¸i kh¸c nhau:

3.1

Boy (con trai), girl (con g¸i)

Bachelor (ng­êi ch­a vî), spinster (ng­êi ch­a chång)

Bridegroom (chó rÓ), bride (c« d©u)

Father (cha), mother (mÑ)

Gentleman (quý «ng), lady (quý bµ)

Husband (chång), wife (vî)

Uncle (chó, b¸c, cËu), aunt (d×, c«, mî)

Nephew (ch¸u trai), niece (ch¸u g¸i)

Widower (ng­êi go¸ vî), widow (ng­êi go¸ chång)

Son (con trai), daughter (con g¸i)

Man (®µn «ng), woman (®µn bµ)

Salesman,saleswoman (nam, n÷ b¸n hµng) ...

3.2

Duke (c«ng t­íc), duchess (n÷ c«ng t­íc)

Prince (hoµng tö), princess (c«ng chóa)

Actor, actress (nam, n÷ diÔn viªn)

Host, hostess (nam, n÷ chñ nh©n)

Conductor, conductress (nam, n÷ so¸t vÐ)

Hero, heroine (anh hïng/anh th­)

Steward, stewardess (nam, n÷ tiÕp viªn)

Waiter, waitress (nam, n÷ phôc vô)

Heir, heiress (nam, n÷ thõa kÕ)

Manager, manageress (nam, n÷ gi¸m ®èc)

King (vua), queen (hoµng hËu)

Earl (b¸ t­íc), countess (n÷ b¸ t­íc)

Lord (l·nh chóa), lady (n÷ l·nh chóa) ...

4/

Tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt

Bull,cow (bß ®ùc, bß c¸i)

Duck, drake (vÞt trèng, vÞt m¸i)

Cock, hen (gµ trèng, gµ m¸i)

G

ander

, goose (ngçng ®ùc, ngçng c¸i)

Stag, doe (h­¬u ®ùc, h­¬u c¸i)

Tiger, tigress (cäp ®ùc, cäp c¸i)

Lion, lioness (s­ tö ®ùc, s­ tö c¸i)

Dog, bitch (chã ®ùc, chã c¸i)

SO NHIEU CUA DT

A

Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ

1/

ChØ riªng danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc míi cã sè nhiÒu.

2/

Th­êng th× sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ h×nh thµnh b»ng c¸ch thªm S vµo sè Ýt.

VÝ dô

:

Hilltop, hilltop

s

(®Ønh ®åi)

Book, book

s

(s¸ch)

Seat, seat

s

(ghÕ)

Roof, roof

s

(m¸i nhµ)

Rose, rose

s

(hoa hång)

Image, image

s

(h×nh ¶nh)

Armed force

s

(lùc l­îng vò trang)

Window, window

s

(cöa sæ) ....

- S ®äc lµ /s/ sau ©m p, k, f, t. Sau nh÷ng ©m kh¸c th× s ®äc lµ /z/.

- S theo sau ce, ge, se hoÆc ze th× ®äc thªm mét vÇn phô lµ /iz/

3/

Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng s, ss, sh, ss, ch hoÆc x vµ mét vµi danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng o h×nh thµnh b»ng c¸ch thªm es

(es theo sau s, ch, sh,

ss hoÆc x sÏ ®äc lµ /iz/ )

VÝ dô

:

Tomato, tomato

es

(cµ chua)

Bus, bus

es

(xe bóyt)

Brush, brush

es

(bµn ch¶i)

Kiss, kiss

es

(nô h«n)

Box, box

es

(hép)

Church, church

es

(nhµ thê).

- Tuy nhiªn, danh tõ gèc n­íc ngoµi hoÆc danh tõ tãm l­îc tËn cïng b»ng o th× chØ thªm

s

:

VÝ dô

:

Dynamo, dynamo

s

(m¸y ph¸t ®iÖn)

Piano, piano

s

(®µn pian«)

Kilo, kilo

s

(kÝ l«)

Photo, photo

s

(tÊm ¶nh)

Radio, radio

s

(ra®i«)....

4/

Danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng phô ©m +

yth× bá y vµ thªm ies

VÝ dô

:

Baby, bab

ies

(®øa bÐ)

Country, countr

ies

(quèc gia)

Fly, fl

ies

(con ruåi)

Lady, lad

ies

(quý bµ)

Entry, entr

ies

(môc tõ trong tù ®iÓn)

5/

Danh tõ tËn cïng b»ngnguyªn ©m +

y th× thªm S nh­ b×nh th­êng.

VÝ dô

:

Boy, boy

s

(con trai)

Day, day

s

(ngµy)

Donkey, donkey

s

(con lõa)

Monkey, monkey

s

(con khØ)

Valley, valley

s

(thung lòng)

6/

M­êi hai danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng f hoÆc fe th× bá f hoÆc fe råi thªm ves

Calf

(con bª), half

(nöa, r­ìi), knife

(con dao), leaf

(l¸), life

(cuéc ®êi), loaf

(æ b¸nh m×), self

(c¸i t«i), sheaf

(bã, thÕp), shelf

(c¸i kÖ), thief

(kÎ c¾p), wife

(vî), wolf

(con c¸o).

L­u ý

- Sè nhiÒu cña hoof

(mãng guèc), scarf

(kh¨n quµng) vµ wharf

(bÕn tµu)

h×nh thµnh b»ng c¶ hai c¸ch (thªm

s

hoÆc

ves

).

- Ngoµi ra, c¸c danh tõ kh¸c tËn cïng lµ f hay fe chØ thªm

s

nh­ b×nh th­êng. Ch¼ng h¹n, Cliff - cliff

s

(v¸ch ®¸), Handkerchief - handkerchief

s

(kh¨n tay), Safe, safe

s

(kÐt s¾t), Still life (Bøc tranh tÜnh vËt) - still life

s

...

7/

Mét sè danh tõ cã sè nhiÒu b»ng c¸ch thay ®æi nguyªn ©m

VÝ dô

:

Foot, feet (bµn ch©n)

Tooth, teeth (r¨ng)

Goose, geese (con ngçng)

Man, men (®µn «ng)

Woman, women (phô n÷)

Louse, lice (con rËn)

Mouse, mice (con chuét)

- Sè nhiÒu cña Child

(®øa trÎ) vµ Ox

(con bß ®ùc) lµ Children

vµ Oxen

8/

C¸c danh tõ sau ®©y lu«n lµ sè nhiÒu vµ dïng víi ®éng tõ ë sè nhiÒu:

- Clothes (quÇn ¸o), police (c¶nh s¸t), outskirts (vïng ngo¹i «), cattle (gia sóc), spectacles (m¾t kÝnh), glasses (m¾t kÝnh), binoculars (èng nhßm), scissors (c¸i kÐo), pliers (c¸i kÒm), shears (kÐo c¾t c©y), arms (vò khÝ), goods/wares (cña c¶i), damages (tiÒn båi th­êng), greens (rau qu¶), earnings (tiÒn kiÕm ®­îc), grounds (®Êt ®ai, v­ên t­îc), particulars (b¶n chi tiÕt), premises/quarters (nhµ cöa,v­ên t­îc), riches (sù giµu cã), savings (tiÒn tiÕt kiÖm); spirits (r­îu m¹nh), stairs (cÇu thang); surroundings (vïng phô cËn), valuables (®å quý gi¸).

- Mét vµi danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng ics nh­

Acoustics (©m häc), athletics (®iÒn kinh), ethics (®¹o ®øc), hysterics (c¬n kÝch ®éng), mathematics (to¸n häc), physics (vËt lý), linguistics (ng«n ng÷ häc), phonetics (ng÷ ©m häc), logistics (ngµnh hËu cÇn), technics (thuËt ng÷ kü thuËt), politics (chÝnh trÞ) .... lu«n cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu vµ

dïng víi ®éng tõ sè nhiÒu. Tuy nhiªn, ®«i khi tªn gäi cña c¸c m«n khoa häc ®­îc xem nh­ sè Ýt.

Ch¼ng h¹n, Mathematics is the science

of pure quantity

(To¸n häc lµ khoa häc vÒ l­îng thuÇn tóy).

9/

C¸c danh tõ sau ®©y cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu, nh­ng l¹i mang nghÜa sè Ýt:

News (tin tøc), mumps (bÖnh quai bÞ), measles (bÖnh sëi), rickets (bÖnh cßi x­¬ng), shingles (bÖnh zona), billiards (bi-da), darts (m«n nÐm phi tiªu), draughts (m«n cê vua), bowls (m«n nÐm bãng gç),

dominoes (®«min«), the United States (HiÖp chñng quèc Hoa Kú).

Ch¼ng h¹n, The news is bad

(Tin tøc ch¼ng lµnh) hoÆc The United States

is a very big country

(HiÖp chñng quèc Hoa Kú lµ mét n­íc rÊt lín).

10/

C¸c danh tõ sau ®©y kh«ng thay ®æi khi ë sè nhiÒu:

Fish (c¸), sheep (cõu), deer (nai), salmon (c¸ håi), cod (c¸ thu), carp (c¸ chÐp), plaice (c¸ b¬n sao), squid (c¸ mùc), turbot (c¸ b¬n), aircraft (m¸y bay), series (chuçi, d·y), species (loµi), offspring (con c¸i).

11/

C¸c danh tõ tËp hîp nh­ Group (nhãm), team (®éi), gang (b¨ng ®¶ng), band (to¸n, tèp), pack (bÇy), staff (tËp thÓ nh©n viªn), community (céng ®ång), committee (ñy ban), crowd (®¸m ®«ng), crew (thñy thñ ®oµn), family (gia ®×nh)

.... cã thÓ dïng ®éng tõ ë sè Ýt hay sè nhiÒu. Ch¼ng h¹n, The government has made up its mind / have made up their minds

(ChÝnh phñ ®· quyÕt ®Þnh døt kho¸t), hoÆc Do / does your family still live there?

(Gia ®×nh b¹n vÉn sèng ë ®ã chø?)

12/

Mét vµi danh tõ gèc Hy L¹p hoÆc La Tinh vÉn cã sè nhiÒu theo quy luËt cña tiÕng Hy L¹p hay La Tinh, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ Crisis, crises (sù khñng ho¶ng); analysis, analyses (sù ph©n tÝch); thesis, theses (luËn c­¬ng); oasis, oases (èc ®¶o); basis, bases (nÒn t¶ng); axis, axes (trôc); appendix, appendices (phÇn phô lôc); genesis, geneses (céi nguån); erratum, errata (lçi in); memorandum, memoranda (b¶n ghi nhí); phenomenon, phenomena (hiÖn t­îng); radius, radii (b¸n kÝnh); terminus, termini (ga cuèi). Nh­ng còng cã tr­êng hîp theo quy luËt tiÕng Anh, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ Dogma, dogmas (gi¸o ®iÒu); gymnasium, gymnasiums (phßng tËp thÓ dôc); formula, formulas (thÓ thøc) (còng cã thÓ dïngformulae ). §Æc biÖt, sè nhiÒu cña Maximum cã thÓ lµ Maximums hoÆc Maxima, cña Minimum cã thÓ lµ Minimums hoÆc Minima, cña Medium cã thÓ lµ Mediums hoÆc Media.

L­u ý

Khi danh tõ chØ thêi kho¶ng, sè tiÒn vµ kho¶ng c¸ch theo sau mét sè ®Õm, ®éng tõ sÏ ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt. Ch¼ng h¹n, Three

weeks

is

a long time for a holiday

(Ba tuÇn lµ mét thêi gian dµi ®èi víi mét kú nghØ), Five miles is

too far to walk (N¨m dÆm th× qu¸ xa nÕu ®i bé) hoÆc Three quarters of the theatre was

full (Ba phÇn t­ r¹p ®· ®Çy kh¸ch).

B

Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ kÐp

1/

CÊu t¹o cña danh tõ kÐp

·

Danh tõ + danh tõ

VÝ dô

:

Balance sheet (B¶ng quyÕt to¸n)

Business card (Danh thiÕp)

Street market (Chî trêi)

Winter clothes (quÇn ¸o mïa ®«ng)

Police station (§ån c«ng an)

Notice board (B¶ng th«ng b¸o)

Football ground (s©n ®¸ bãng)

·

Danh tõ + danh ®éng tõ (gerund)

VÝ dô

:

Weight-lifting (Cö t¹)

Baby-sitting (C«ng viÖc gi÷ trÎ)

Coal-mining (Sù khai má than)

Surf-riding (M«n l­ít v¸n)

Horse-trading (Sù nh¹y bÐn s¾c s¶o)

·

Danh ®éng tõ + danh tõ

VÝ dô

:

Living-room (Phßng kh¸ch)

Waiting-woman (Ng­êi hÇu g¸i)

Diving-rod

(Que dß m¹ch n­íc)

Landing craft (Xuång ®æ bé)

Driving-test (cuéc thi lÊy b»ng l¸i xe)

Swimming-match (cuéc b¬i thi)

Ph©n biÖt

A coffee

cup (T¸ch dïng ®Ó ®ùng cµ phª) vµ a cup of coffee

(t¸ch cµ phª, t¸ch ®ang ®ùng cµ phª)

2/

Th­êng th× sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ kÐp h×nh thµnh b»ng c¸ch thªm s vµo tõ sau cïng:

Boy-friend

s

(b¹n trai); grown-up

s

(ng­êi ®· tr­ëng thµnh); Easter egg

s

(trøng Phôc sinh); express train

s

(tµu ho¶ tèc hµnh). §Æc biÖt,

Men

driver

s

(tµi xÕ nam);

women

driver

s

(tµi xÕ n÷);

women

doctor

s

(n÷ b¸c sÜ);

men

servant

s

(®Çy tí trai).

3/

NÕu cÊu t¹o cña danh tõ kÐp lµ danh tõ + phã tõ, danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ, chóng ta sÏ thªm s vµo tõ ®øng ®Çu, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ hangers-on (kÎ bî ®Ýt), looker

s

-on (kh¸n gi¶), runner

s

-up (ng­êi ®o¹t h¹ng nh×), passer

s

-by (kh¸ch qua ®­êng), lad

ies

-in-waiting (t× n÷), father

s

-in-law (bè vî, bè chång), sister

s

-in-law (chÞ em d©u, chÞ em vî, chÞ em chång), commander

s

-in-chief (tæng t­ lÖnh), ambassador

s

-at-large (®¹i sø l­u ®éng).

·

Sè nhiÒu cña ch÷ viÕt t¾t:

OAPs (Old Age Pensioners) (ng­êi giµ h­u trÝ)

MPs (Members of Parliament) (nghÞ sÜ)

VIPs (Very Important Persons) (yÕu nh©n)

UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) (vËt thÓ bay kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh)

DT DEM DUOC VA KHONG DEM DUOC

Tæng quan:

1/ §Æc ®iÓm cña danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc:

·

ChØ nh÷ng g× ®Õm ®­îc, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ a sandwich (mét c¸i b¸nh x¨ng-

uych), two sandwiches (hai c¸i b¸nh x¨ng-uych), a dog (mét con chã), three

dogs (ba con chã),

a friend (mét ng­êi b¹n), ten friends (m­êi ng­êi b¹n), a cup of tea (mét t¸ch trµ), four cups of tea (bèn t¸ch trµ).

·

Cã thÓ ë sè nhiÒu, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ a day, many days.

·

Cã thÓ theo sau mét sè ®Õm, a/an hoÆc some (mét vµi).

2/ §Æc ®iÓm cña danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc:

·

ChØ nh÷ng g× kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc hoÆc nh÷ng g× cã tÝnh c¸ch trõu t­îng, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ Money (tiÒn b¹c), weather (thêi tiÕt), nature (thiªn nhiªn)......

·

Kh«ng thÓ ë sè nhiÒu.

·

Cã thÓ theo sau some (nµo ®ã), chø kh«ng thÓ theo sau a/an hoÆc mét sè ®Õm.

Nãi thªm vÒ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc:

1/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc th­êng gÆp:

Bread (b¸nh m×), cream (kem), gold (vµng), paper (giÊy), tea (trµ), beer (bia), dust (bôi), ice (n­íc ®¸), sand (c¸t), water (n­íc), cloth (v¶i), gin (r­îu gin), jam (møt), soap (xµ b«ng), wine (r­îu nho), coffee (cµ phª), glass (thñy tinh), oil (dÇu löa), stone (®¸), wood (gç), baggage (hµnh lý), damage (sù thiÖt h¹i),

luggage (hµnh lý), camping (sù c¾m tr¹i), furniture (®å ®¹c), parking (sù ®Ëu xe), shopping (viÖc mua s¾m), weather (thêi tiÕt)...

2/ Danh tõ trõu t­îng

VÝ dô

:

Advice (lêi khuyªn), experience (kinh nghiÖm), horror (khñng khiÕp), beauty (®Ñp), fear (sî h·i), information (th«ng tin), courage (lßng can ®¶m), help (sù gióp ®ì), knowledge (kiÕn thøc), death (c¸i chÕt), hope (niÒm hy väng), mercy (lßng nh©n tõ), pity (sù téi nghiÖp), relief (sù gå lªn), suspicion (sù hå nghi), work (c«ng viÖc) ...

3/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc lu«n ë sè Ýt vµ kh«ng theo sau a/an

VÝ dô

:

Those students don't want (any) help. They only want (some) knowledge.

(C¸c sinh viªn Êy kh«ng cÇn sù gióp ®ì. Hä cÇn kiÕn thøc mµ th«i)

I have no experience in this field.

(T«i ch¼ng cã kinh nghiÖm vÒ lÜnh vùc nµy)

4/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc th­êng theo sau some, any, no, a little .. .., hoÆc theo sau bit, piece, slice, gallon...

VÝ dô

:

A bit

of news (mét mÈu tin), a grain

of sand (mét h¹t c¸t), a pot

of jam (mét hñ møt), a slice

of bread (mét l¸t b¸nh m×), a bowl

of soup (mét b¸t sóp), a cake

of soap (mét b¸nh xµ b«ng), a gallon

of petrol (mét galon x¨ng), a pane

of glass (mét « kÝnh), a sheet

of paper (mét tê giÊy), a glass

of beer (mét ly bia), a drop

of oil (mét giät dÇu), a group

of people (mét nhãm ng­êi), a piece

of advice (mét lêi khuyªn)...

5/ Mét vµi danh tõ trõu t­îng còng theo sau a/an, nh­ng víi ý nghÜa ®Æc biÖt vµ ë sè Ýt

mµ th«i.

- To have a wide knowledge of literature, we need read much(§Ó cã mét kiÕn thøc réng r·i vÒ v¨n häc, chóng ta ph¶i ®äc s¸ch nhiÒu).

- This micro-computer is a great help to our study (C¸i m¸y vi tÝnh nµy rÊt cã Ých cho viÖc häc cña chóng t«i)

- Do you think these prisoners have a love of music/a hatred of dishonesty? (B¹n cã nghÜ r»ng c¸c tï nh©n nµy yªu ©m nh¹c/c¨m ghÐt sù bÊt l­¬ng hay kh«ng?)

- It's a pity you forgot to do it (TiÕc lµ b¹n quªn lµm ®iÒu ®ã)

- It's a shame he offended against my teacher (ThËt lµ hæ thÑn khi anh ta xóc ph¹m ®Õn thÇy t«i)

L­u ý

·

He raises chickens

in his garden

(Anh ta nu«i gµ trong v­ên nhµ m×nh), nh­ng I like to eat chicken

(T«i thÝch ¨n thÞt gµ).

·

My house has six rooms

(Nhµ t«i cã s¸u phßng), nh­ng There's

no room in the car for the dog

(Xe « t« kh«ng cã chç nµo cho chã ngåi).

·

We've been to France five times

(Chóng t«i ®· sang Ph¸p n¨m lÇn), nh­ngTime is a great healer

1(thêi gian lµ thuèc ch÷a lµnh mäi vÕt th­¬ng).

SO HUU CACH

Së hòu c¸ch

·

's

dïng cho danh tõ sè Ýt, danh tõ sè nhiÒu kh«ng tËn cïng b»ng 's, tõ sau cïng trong danh tõ kÐp, hoÆc sau tõ viÕt t¾t:

VÝ dô

:

The chemist's (shop) (cöa hµng d­îc phÈm)

Children's toys (®å ch¬i cña trÎ em)

My sister's friend (b¹n cña chÞ t«i)

Peter's suitcase (va li cña Peter)

Her father-in-law's house (nhµ cña bè chång c« ta)

The PM's bodyguards (vÖ sÜ cña thñ t­íng)

The VIP's briefcase (cÆp tµi liÖu cña

yÕu nh©n)

·

' dïng cho danh tõ sè nhiÒu tËn cïng b»ng s, kÓ c¶ danh tõ sè Ýt tËn cïng b»ng s

VÝ dô

:

My sister

s

' friend (b¹n cña c¸c chÞ t«i)

The worker

s

' wages (l­¬ng cña c¸c c«ng nh©n)

Socrates' philosophy (triÕt lý cña Socrates)

L­u ý

Khi sö dông së h÷u c¸ch,

ph¶i bá m¹o tõ ®øng tr­íc ng­êi hoÆc vËt së h÷u.

VÝ dô

:

- The villa of the senator = The senator's villa (BiÖt thù cña th­îng nghÞ sÜ)

- The wife of the shoemaker = The shoemaker's wife (Vî cña ng­êi thî giµy)

- The toys of Jack = Jack's toys

Khi nµo dïng së hòu c¸ch?

Së h÷u c¸ch (possessive case) chñ yÕu dïng cho ng­êi, quèc gia

hoÆc ®éng vËt.

§«i khi ng­êi ta còng dïng së h÷u c¸ch trong c¸c tr­êng hîp sau ®©y:

The tree's branches (c¸c cµnh c©y) = The branches of the tree

The yacht's mast (cét thuyÒn buåm) = The mast of the yacht

The company's profits (Lîi nhuËn cña c«ng ty) = The profits of the company

A week's holiday (kú nghØ mét tuÇn)

Today's paper (b¸o ra ngµy h«m nay)

Twenty minutes' break (nghØ gi¶i lao 20 phót) = a twenty-minute break

Yesterday's news (tin tøc h«m qua)

Two days' delay (chËm trÔ hai ngµy) = a two-day delay

For heaven's sake (v× Th­îng §Õ)

The baker's (tiÖm b¸nh m×)

The butcher's (tiÖm b¸n thÞt)

The dentist's (phßng kh¸m cña nha sÜ)

Tomorrow, we'll have a birthday party at Hoa's (Ngµy mai, chóng ta sÏ ¨n mõng sinh nhËt t¹i nhµ Hoa)

Khi nµo dïng Of + danh tõ

®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù së h÷u?

·

Khi cã mét côm tõ (phrase) hoÆc mÖnh ®Ò (clause) theo sau "së h÷u chñ".

VÝ dô

:

- I want to know the house of

the girl in uniform

(T«i muèn biÕt nhµ cña c« g¸i mÆc ®ång phôc)

- They are speaking to the father of

the young man they met at the airport

(Hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi cha cña ng­êi thanh niªn mµ hä ®· gÆp ë s©n bay)

·

Khuynh h­íng chung lµ dïng Of + danh tõ, khi "së h÷u chñ" lµ vËt chø kh«ng ph¶i ng­êi.

VÝ dô

:

- The gate of the villa (cæng cña biÖt thù)

- The front of the house (mÆt tiÒn cña c¨n nhµ)

- The legs of the chair (ch©n cña c¸i ghÕ)

Ph©n biÖt:

My aunt's paintings

(Nh÷ng bøc tranh thuéc quyÒn së h÷u cña d× t«i hoÆc do d× t«i vÏ) vµ The paintings

of my aunt

(Nh÷ng bøc tranh t¶

d× t«i)

TINH TU CHI PHAM CHAT

1/

TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt kh«ng thay ®æi theo gièng vµ sè cña danh tõ.

VÝ dô

:

- An old woman (Mét bµ l·o) & Old women (C¸c bµ l·o)

- An old man (Mét «ng l·o) & Old men (C¸c «ng l·o)

2/

VÞ trÝ cña tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt

·

Tr­íc danh tõ.

VÝ dô

:

- A poor family (Mét gia ®×nh nghÌo)

- An unhappy teacher (Mét ng­êi thÇy bÊt h¹nh)

- Difficult problems (Nh÷ng bµi to¸n khã)

- Sau danh tõ, nÕu tÝnh tõ cã bæ ng÷ kÌm theo.

VÝ dô

:

- Burgundy is a region famous for its wines

(Burgundy lµ mét vïng næi tiÕng vÒ c¸c lo¹i r­îu vang)

- A shelf full of crockery (Mét ng¨n chøa ®Çy ®å sµnh sø)

·

Sau c¸c ®éng tõ Be, Become, Seem, Appear, Feel, Get/Grow, Keep, Look, Make, Smell, Sound, Taste, Turn.

VÝ dô

:

- He looks world-weary (Anh ta cã vÎ ch¸n ®êi)

- This event made them more optimistic

(Sù kiÖn nµy khiÕn hä l¹c quan h¬n)

- After a persistent rain, everyone felt cold

(Sau mét c¬n m­a dai d¼ng, mäi ng­êi ®Òu c¶m thÊy l¹nh)

- That music sounds beautiful (Khóc nh¹c Êy nghe thËt hay)

- The weather will keep fine (Thêi tiÕt sÏ vÉn cø ®Ñp)

- This milk smells sour (S÷a nµy cã mïi chua)

Ph©n biÖt

- This waiter looks very curious (Ng­êi hÇu bµn nµy tr«ng rÊt tß mß) vµ He looks curiously at his boss (Anh ta nh×n chñ m×nh víi vÎ tß mß)

3/

TÝnh tõ dïng nh­ danh tõ

- C¸c tÝnh tõ Old (giµ), Young (trÎ), Elderly (cao tuæi), Aged (cao tuæi), Blind (mï), Deaf (®iÕc), Disabled (tµn tËt),

Handicapped (tµn tËt), Healthy (m¹nh khoÎ), Sick (®au èm), Living (sèng), Dead (chÕt), Wounded (bÞ th­¬ng), Injured (bÞ th­¬ng), Rich (giµu), Poor (nghÌo), Needy (tóng thiÕu), Unemployed (thÊt nghiÖp), Jobless (thÊt nghiÖp), Wicked

(xÊu xa) cã thÓ theo sau The ®Ó chØ lo¹i ng­êi cã mét trong nh÷ng ®Æc tr­ng võa nãi. BÊy giê, c¸c tÝnh tõ nµy trë thµnh danh tõ vµ nªn nhí lµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i ë ng«i thø ba sè nhiÒu.

VÝ dô

:

- The handicapped

deserve our help

(Nh÷ng kÎ tËt nguyÒn rÊt ®¸ng cho chóng ta gióp ®ì)

- Special recreational programs for the elderly

(C¸c ch­¬ng tr×nh gi¶i trÝ ®Æc biÖt dµnh cho ng­êi cao tuæi)

C¸c tÝnh tõ chØ quèc gia còng do c¸ch nµy mµ trë thµnh danh tõ.

Ch¼ng h¹n, The Scotch (Ng­êi Xcèt-len), the Dutch (Ng­êi Hµ Lan), the French (Ng­êi Ph¸p), the British (Ng­êi Anh), the Swiss (Ng­êi Thôy SÜ), the Taiwanese (Ng­êi §µi Loan), the Vietnamese (Ng­êi ViÖt Nam)...

4/

Ph©n tõ dïng nh­ tÝnh tõ

·

HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (...ING) vµ qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (...ED) còng cã thÓ dïng nh­ tÝnh tõ. BÊy giê, hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ mang ý nghÜa chñ ®éng, cßn qu¸ khø

ph©n tõ mang ý nghÜa thô ®éng.

VÝ dô

:

- A confusing question

(Mét c©u hái khiÕn ng­êi nghe bèi rèi) & The boy looks confused when he sees his parents at the door of his classroom (CËu bÐ cã vÎ bèi rèi khi thÊy bè mÑ ë cöa líp).

- A touching story (Mét c©u chuyÖn khiÕn ng­êi nghe xóc ®éng) & I was very touched to hear from my bosom friends (T«i rÊt xóc ®éng khi nhËn ®­îc tin nh÷ng ng­êi b¹n chÝ cèt cña t«i).

5/

Thø tù s¾p xÕp c¸c tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt

Th«ng th­êng, khi nhiÒu tÝnh tõ cïng ®Þnh tÝnh cho mét danh tõ, chóng sÏ

®­îc s¾p xÕp theo thø tù sau ®©y:

TÝnh tõ chØ kÝch th­íc - TÝnh tõ chØ c¸ tÝnh vµ c¶m xóc - TÝnh tõ chØ tuæi t¸c - TÝnh tõ chØ h×nh d¹ng - TÝnh tõ chØ mµu s¾c - TÝnh tõ chØ chÊt liÖu - TÝnh tõ chØ nguån gèc - TÝnh tõ chØ c«ng dông [th­êng lµ danh ®éng tõ trong danh tõ kÐp, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ Leading

question (c©u hái kh«n ngoan ®Ó dÉn ®Õn c©u tr¶ lêi ®óng ý cña ng­êi hái), Waiting

room

(phßng chê ®îi),Riding

breeches (quÇn mÆc khi c­ìi ngùa)].

VÝ dô

:

- A long double-edged sword (Mét thanh g­¬m hai l­ìi dµi)

- A small square box (Mét c¸i hép vu«ng nhá)

- Merciful black

policemen (Nh÷ng viªn c¶nh s¸t da ®en nh©n tõ)

- Red velvet

gloves (Nh÷ng chiÕc g¨ng nhung ®á)

- An elegant Italian restaurant (Mét nhµ hµng   thanh lÞch)

6/

C¸c tr­êng hîp ®Æc biÖt cña tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt

6/1

TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt dïng víi c¸c ®¹i tõ one/ones, khi one/ones chØ mét danh tõ ®­îc ®Ò cËp tr­íc ®ã.

VÝ dô

:

- Gather ripe plums instead of the unripe ones.

(H·y h¸i mËn chÝn thay v× mËn cßn xanh)

- If you don't buy a voluminous book, two small ones will do

(NÕu b¹n kh«ng mua mét quyÓn s¸ch to t­íng th× hai quyÓn nhá

còng ®ñ dïng råi)

6/2

TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt dïng nh­ ®¹i tõ.

- First/Second (thø nhÊt/thø hai)... vÉn lµ tÝnh tõ nÕu dïng víi one/ones,

nh­ng sÏ lµ ®¹i tõ nÕu kh«ng dïng víi one/ones.

VÝ dô

:

- Which of these two do you prefer? - I prefer the second (one)

(Trong hai c¸i nµy, b¹n thÝch c¸i nµo h¬n? - T«i thÝch c¸i thø hai h¬n)

L­u ý

- I find that it is impossible to tame this bear = I find it impossible to tame this bear (T«i thÊy lµ kh«ng thÓ thuÇn ho¸ con gÊu nµy)

- It is very kind of you to help him

(B¹n thËt lµ tö tÕ míi gióp h¾n)

- It is ungracious of him not to acknowledge your help

(H¾n thËt lµ khiÕm nh· míi kh«ng c¸m ¬n sù gióp ®ì cña b¹n)

- It is boring to tell lies all day long

(ThËt lµ ch¸n ng¾t khi ph¶i nãi dèi suèt ngµy)

- It is necessary to seize this golden opportunity

(§iÒu cÇn thiÕt lµ n¾m lÊy c¬ héi ngµn vµng nµy)

- It is not necessary for you to be in such a hurry

(B¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i hÊp tÊp nh­ vËy)

- It is lucky that we have a correction pen

(May lµ chóng t«i cã bót xo¸)

- It is lucky for us that he has a correction pen

(May cho chóng t«i lµ anh ta cã bót xo¸)

- I am afraid of naughty words

(T«i sî nh÷ng lêi lÏ tôc tÜu)

- I am afraid of hearing naughty words

(T«i sî nghe nh÷ng lêi lÏ tôc tÜu)

- I am afraid to hear naughty words

(T«i sî nghe nh÷ng lêi lÏ tôc tÜu)

- I am afraid (that) they will be late for school

(T«i e r»ng chóng sÏ ®i häc trÔ)

- This lesson is easy to understand

(Bµi häc nµy dÔ hiÓu)

- It is strange that they haven't remembered the way to the airport

(L¹ mét ®iÒu lµ hä quªn h¼n ®­êng ra s©n bay)

- Students are ready to accept task assignment after graduation

(C¸c sinh viªn s½n sµng chÞu sù ph©n c«ng sau khi tèt nghiÖp)

- I am very happy to see you again

(T«i rÊt vui mõng gÆp l¹i c¸c b¹n)

SO SANH

1/

Cã 3 cÊp so s¸nh:

CÊp nguyªn

So s¸nh h¬n

Cùc cÊp

Tall

Taller

Tallest

Honest

More honest

Most honest

2/

Quy t¾c

Cã hai c¸ch t¹o h×nh thøc so s¸nh h¬n vµ cùc cÊp cho tÝnh tõ.

a)

Thªm er (so s¸nh h¬n) vµ est (cùc cÊp) sau

:

·

Mäi tÝnh tõ mét vÇn.

Ch¼ng h¹n, Fast (nhanh) - Faster (nhanh h¬n) - Fastest (nhanh nhÊt); Strong (m¹nh) - Stronger (m¹nh h¬n) - Strongest (m¹nh nhÊt).

·

Mét vµi tÝnh tõ hai vÇn (chñ yÕu lµ tËn cïng b»ng y, le vµ ow). Ch¼ng h¹n,

Quiet (yªn tÜnh) - Quieter (yªn tÜnh h¬n) - Quietest (yªn tÜnh nhÊt); Dirty (bÈn) - Dirtier (bÈn h¬n) - Dirtiest (bÈn nhÊt); Simple (®¬n gi¶n) - Simpler (®¬n gi¶n h¬n) - Simplest (®¬n gi¶n nhÊt); Narrow (hÑp) - Narrower (hÑp h¬n) - Narrowest (hÑp nhÊt).

·

TÝnh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng Un vµ theo sau lµ hai vÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Unhappy (khèn khæ) - Unhappier (khèn khæ h¬n) - Unhappiest (khèn khæ nhÊt).

L­u ý

-

Big (lín) - Bigger (lín h¬n) - Biggest (lín nhÊt); Fat (bÐo) - Fatter (bÐo h¬n) - Fattest (bÐo nhÊt).

-

Silly (d¹i dét) - Sillier (d¹i dét h¬n) - Silliest (d¹i dét nhÊt);

Floppy (mÒm) - Floppier (mÒm h¬n) - Floppiest (mÒm nhÊt).

-

Little (nhá) - Littler (nhá h¬n) - Littlest (nhá nhÊt);

- Rude (khiÕm nh·) - Ruder (khiÕm nh· h¬n) - Rudest (khiÕm nh· nhÊt).

b)

Thªm More (so s¸nh h¬n) vµ Most (cùc cÊp) tr­íc

:

·

Mäi tÝnh tõ ba vÇn (trõ tr­êng hîp ®· nãi trªn ®©y). Ch¼ng h¹n, Attractive (hÊp dÉn) - More attractive (hÊp dÉn h¬n) - Most attractive (hÊp dÉn nhÊt).

·

PhÇn lín c¸c tÝnh tõ hai vÇn (tËn cïng b»ng ful, less, al, ant, ent, ic, ive, ous, hoÆc b¾t ®Çu b»ng a). Ch¼ng h¹n, Distant (xa) - More distant (xa h¬n) - Most distant (xa nhÊt); Graceful (duyªn d¸ng) - More graceful (duyªn d¸ng h¬n) - Most graceful (duyªn d¸ng nhÊt).

·

Mäi ph©n tõ dïng nh­ tÝnh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Boring (tÎ nh¹t) - More boring (tÎ nh¹t h¬n), Most boring (tÎ nh¹t nhÊt); Spoilt (h­ háng) - More spoilt (h­ háng h¬n) - Most spoilt (h­ háng nhÊt).

L­u ý

·

Cã nh÷ng tÝnh tõ hai vÇn ¸p dông c¶ hai c¸ch nãi trªn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Common (phæ biÕn) - Commoner/More common( phæ biÕn h¬n) - Commonest/Most common (phæ biÕn nhÊt); Clever (kh«n ngoan) - Cleverer/More clever (kh«n ngoan h¬n) - Cleverest/Most clever (kh«n ngoan nhÊt).

·

NÕu nghi ngê th× nªn dïng More vµ Most.

3/

So s¸nh bÊt quy t¾c

Good (tèt), better , best

Bad (xÊu), worse , worst

Far (xa), farther / further ,

furthest / farthest

Little (Ýt), less , least

Few (Ýt), fewer / less , fewest / least

Many, Much (nhiÒu), more , most

Old (giµ, cò), elder / older , eldest / oldest

4/

CÊu tróc

4/1

So s¸nh h¬n

·

Cã thÓ dïng Much, Far, A little, A bit tr­íc tÝnh tõ ë cÊp so s¸nh h¬n.

VÝ dô

:

- Tom is much stronger than his rival

(Tom khoÎ h¬n ®èi thñ cña m×nh nhiÒu)

- Are you feeling

a little (a bit) better today?

(H«m nay b¹n thÊy trong ng­êi khoÎ h¬n kh«ng?)

·

Sau than cã thÓ lµ mét danh tõ, ®¹i tõ hoÆc mÖnh ®Ò.

VÝ dô

:

- London is bigger than Paris

(Lu©n §«n to h¬n Pari).

- Peter appeared more confused than his friends.

(Peter cã vÎ lóng tóng h¬n c¸c b¹n anh ta)

- My dad's older than yours

(Bè t«i giµ h¬n bè b¹n)

- The exam is easier than I thought

(Cuéc thi dÔ h¬n t«i nghÜ).

L­u ý

·

It's getting colder and colder (Trêi cµng lóc cµng l¹nh h¬n)

·

He became more and more anxious with every passing minute (Mçi phót tr«i qua, anh ta cµng thªm lo l¾ng)

·

The more

I miss my family, the more I miss my children (Cµng nhí gia ®×nh, t«i cµng nhí c¸c con t«i)

·

The more

he thought about it, the worse the situation seemed (Anh ta cµng nghÜ ®Õn ®iÒu ®ã, t×nh h×nh cµng cã vÎ tÖ h¬n)

·

The more

interesting it is, the more attention they pay

(§iÒu ®ã cµng lý thó, hä cµng thªm chó ý)

·

You are taller than I (am)

, nh­ng ng­êi ta th­êng nãi You are taller than me .

·

He makes fewer spelling mistakes than you (do)

, nh­ng ng­êi ta th­êng nãi He makes fewer spelling mistakes than you .

·

I have a faster car than he (does)

, nh­ng ng­êi ta th­êng nãi I have a faster car than him.

4/2

Cùc cÊp

VÝ dô:

- Henry is the best child in his family

(Henry lµ ®øa con tèt nhÊt trong gia ®×nh)

- It was the happiest day of my life

(§ã lµ ngµy vui nhÊt ®êi t«i)

- Her worst subject is chemistry

(M«n mµ c« ta dë nhÊt lµ ho¸ häc)

- My parents have two sons. I am the eldest

(Bè mÑ t«i cã hai ng­êi con trai. T«i lµ con trai tr­ëng)

- All the boys are noisy, but Long is the noisiest

(TÊt c¶ c¸c bÐ trai ®Òu lµm ån, nh­ng Long lµm ån nhiÒu nhÊt)

- It is the strongest coffee (that)I have ever drunk

(§©y lµ cµ phª ®Æc nhÊt mµ t«i ®· tõng uèng)

- It was the unhappiest month (that)we had ever spent

(§ã lµ th¸ng xui nhÊt mµ chóng t«i ®· tõng tr¶i qua)

5/

Nãi thªm vÒ h×nh thøc so s¸nh vµ cùc cÊp

- She is as thin as a lath (C« ta gÇy nh­ c©y que)

- You are as tall as my brother (B¹n cao b»ng anh t«i)

- This schoolgirl is as white as a sheet (C« n÷ sinh nµy trong tr¾ng

nh­ mét tê giÊy)

-

An elephant is not so big as a whale (Voi kh«ng to b»ng c¸ voi)

Your tea is not so strong as mine (Trµ cña b¹n kh«ng ®Æc

b»ng

trµ cña t«i)

- Mice are not as big as cats (Chuét kh«ng to b»ng mÌo)

- The least

worry we have is about the weather (§iÒu chóng t«i Ýt lo l¾ng nhÊt lµ thêi tiÕt)

- His speech is less lengthy than I expected (Bµi diÔn v¨n cña «ng ta Ýt dµi dßng h¬n t«i mong)

- This is the least interesting part of the dictionary (§©y lµ phÇn Ýt hÊp dÉn nhÊt trong quyÓn tù ®iÓn)

- One of the least performed of Shakespeare's plays (mét trong nh÷ng vë kÞch Ýt ®­îc tr×nh diÔn nhÊt cña Shakespeare)

- She chose the least expensive of the hotels (Bµ ta chän kh¸ch s¹n Ýt ®¾t tiÒn nhÊt = Bµ ta chän kh¸ch s¹n rÎ tiÒn nhÊt)

- She found the job less and less attractive

(C« ta thÊy c«ng viÖc ngµy cµng bít hÊp dÉn)

- They are less and less interested in sport (Hä ngµy cµng bít quan t©m ®Õn thÓ thao)

- Less

coffee than tea (



t

cµ phª h¬n trµ)

- You should smoke fewer cigarettes and drink less beer(Anh nªn hót Ýt thuèc l¸ h¬n vµ uèng Ýt bia h¬n)

- I received less money than the others did (T«i lÜnh Ýt tiÒn h¬n nh÷ng ng­êi kh¸c)

- It rains less in London than in Manchester (

™

Lu©n §«n m­a Ýt h¬n lµ ë Manchester)

PHO TU

TONG QUAT VE PHO TU

Phã tõ lµ tõ bæ sung th«ng tin vÒ thêi gian, n¬i chèn, møc ®é, c¸ch thøc... cho mét ®éng tõ, mét tÝnh tõ, mét côm tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ kh¸c

.

·

Phã tõ chØ c¸ch thøc (Adverbs of manner)

:

Slowly (chËm ch¹p), quickly (mét c¸ch nhanh nhÑn), joyfully (mét c¸ch vui vÎ), sadly (mét c¸ch buån b·), well (tèt, giái), badly (tåi, dë) ...

·

Phã tõ chØ møc ®é (Adverbs of degree)

:

Enough (®ñ),

absolutely (tuyÖt ®èi), strictly (triÖt ®Ó), fairly (kh¸, hoµn toµn), completely (hoµn toµn), entirely (hoµn toµn), quite (hoµn toµn), just (võa), nearly (gÇn nh­), almost (gÇn nh­), only (chØ riªng), too (qu¸), very (rÊt), extremely (cùc ®é), really (thùc sù)...

·

Phã tõ chØ n¬i chèn (Adverbs of place)

:

Here (®©y), there (®ã), near (gÇn), everywhere (mäi n¬i), nowhere (kh«ng n¬i nµo), northwards (vÒ phÝa b¾c), forwards (vÒ phÝa tr­íc), backwards (vÒ phÝa sau), clockwise (theo chiÒu kim ®ång hå) ...

·

Phã tõ chØ thêi gian (Adverbs of time)

: Now (b©y giê), today (h«m nay), tomorrow (ngµy mai), yesterday (h«m qua), soon (ngay), still (vÉn cßn), then (sau ®ã), yet (cßn, cßn n÷a), afterwards (sau nµy), before (tr­íc ®ã), at once (lËp tøc), lately (gÇn ®©y), recently (gÇn ®©y) ...

·

Phã tõ chØ sù th­êng xuyªn (Adverbs of frequency)

:

Frequently (th­êng xuyªn), always (lu«n lu«n), never (kh«ng bao giê), occasionally (thØnh tho¶ng), usually (th­êng), often (th­êng), regularly (®Òu ®Æn), seldom (Ýt khi, hiÕm khi), rarely (Ýt khi, hiÕm khi)...

·

Phã tõ nghi vÊn (Interrogative adverbs)

: When? (lóc nµo), where?(ë ®©u), why? (t¹i sao), how (nh­ thÕ nµo? b»ng c¸ch nµo?). Ch¼ng h¹n, When did he die? (Anh ta chÕt lóc nµo?), Where does she come from? (C« ta tõ ®©u ®Õn?), Why were you late? (T¹i sao anh ®Õn muén?), How is this word spelt? (Tõ nµy ®¸nh vÇn nh­ thÕ nµo?).

·

Phã tõ quan hÖ (Relative adverbs)

: When (khi mµ), where (n¬i mµ), why (v× sao, t¹i sao).

Ch¼ng h¹n, Sunday is the day when very few people go to work (Chñ nhËt lµ ngµy mµ rÊt Ýt ng­êi ®i lµm viÖc), One of the countries where people drive on the left (Mét trong nh÷ng n­íc n¬i ng­êi ta l¸i xe vÒ bªn tr¸i), That is the reason why I come here (§ã lµ lý do v× sao t«i ®Õn ®©y).

Ngoµi ra, cßn cã Phã tõ bæ nghÜa c©u (Sentence adverbs) nh­ Certainly (ch¾c ch¾n), Evidently (hiÓn nhiªn), Obviously (hiÓn nhiªn), Naturally (tÊt nhiªn),

Clearly (râ rµng), Probably (cã lÏ), Undoubtedly (kh«ng nghi ngê g× n÷a), Fortunately (may thay), Unfortunately (rñi thay) ...

Ch¼ng h¹n, Fortunately,

everyone returned home safe and sound (May thay, mäi ng­êi ®Òu trë vÒ nhµ b×nh an v« sù).

SU THANH LAP PHO TU

·

Th­êng th× phã tõ h×nh thµnh b»ng c¸ch thªm ly vµo tÝnh tõ t­¬ng xøng.

VÝ dô:

Large (réng r·i) - Largely

Extreme (cùc ®é) - Extremely

Brief (ng¾n gän) - Briefly

Boring (buån tÎ) - Boringly

Repeated (lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i) - Repeatedly

Quick (nhanh nhÑn) - Quickly

Happy (sung s­íng) - Happily

Greedy (tham lam) - Greedily

Useful (h÷u Ých) - Usefully

Beautiful (®Ñp) - Beautifully

Normal (th«ng th­êng) - normally

Actual (thùc sù) - actually

Reliable (x¸c thùc) - Reliably

Pitiable (®¸ng th­¬ng) - Pitiably

Tangible (hiÓn nhiªn) - tangibly

Credible (®¸ng tin cËy) - Credibly

Ngo¹i lÖ

True (thËt, ®óng), truly

Due (®óng, ®¸ng), duly

Whole (toµn bé), wholly

Good (tèt, giái), well

Other (kh¸c), otherwise

·

Còng cã tr­êng hîp tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ gièng nhau vÒ h×nh thøc . Ch¼ng h¹n, Back seat (GhÕ sau) - It takes me an hour to walk there and back

(T«i ph¶i mÊt mét tiÕng ®ång hå ®Ó ®i tõ ®©y ®Õn ®ã råi quay vÒ), A pretty girl (Mét c« g¸i xinh x¾n) - The situation seems pretty

hopeless (T×nh thÕ cã vÎ kh¸ tuyÖt väng), In the near future (Trong t­¬ng lai gÇn ®©y) - Sit near

enough to see the screen (H·y ngåi ®ñ gÇn ®Ó nh×n thÊy mµn ¶nh), Still water (N­íc ph¼ng lÆng) - She is still

unconscious (C« ta vÉn cßn bÊt tØnh), A little garden (Mét khu v­ên nhá) - I slept very little

last night (§ªm qua t«i ngñ rÊt Ýt), A late marriage (Mét cuéc h«n nh©n muén m»n) - She married late

(C« ta lÊy chång muén), A nation-wide advertising campaign (Mét chiÕn dÞch qu¶ng c¸o trªn toµn quèc) - Police are looking for him nation-wide

(C¶nh s¸t ®ang truy lïng h¾n trªn toµn quèc), Bodily organs (C¸c bé phËn cña c¬ thÓ) -

The audience rose bodily to salute the colours (Toµn thÓ cö to¹ ®øng dËy chµo cê)...

·

Nh÷ng tÝnh tõ tËn cïng b»ng ly, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ Friendly (th©n thiÖn), Likely (cã thÓ, ch¾c), Lonely (c« ®¬n)..., kh«ng ®­îc dïng nh­ phã tõ.

§Ó diÔn t¶ chóng d­íi d¹ng phã tõ, ta ph¶i lËp nh÷ng côm tõ nh­ In a friendly manner/way (mét c¸ch th©n thiÖn) ch¼ng h¹n.

PHO TU DUOI HINH THUC SO SANH

1/

§Ó ®Æt phã tõ cã hai vÇn trë lªn d­íi h×nh thøc so s¸nh

vµ cùc cÊp , ta thªm more vµ most tr­íc phã tõ.

Ch¼ng h¹n, Calmly (B×nh tÜnh) - More calmly (b×nh tÜnh h¬n) - Most calmly (b×nh tÜnh nhÊt), Luckily (may m¾n) - More luckily (may m¾n h¬n), Most luckily (may m¾n nhÊt).

§Æc biÖt

Well

Better

Best

Badly

Worse

Worst

Little

Less

Least

Much

More

Most

Far

Farther

Farthest

Further

Furthest

Early

Earlier

Earliest

Hard

Harder

Hardest

Fast

Faster

Fastest

Loud

Louder

Loudest

2/

VÝ dô minh ho¹

- He eats more quickly than I do/than me

(Anh ta ¨n nhanh h¬n t«i)

- He eats as quickly as I do/as me

(Anh ta ¨n nhanh b»ng t«i)

- He doesn't eat as quickly as I do/as me

hoÆc He doesn't eat so quickly as I do/as me

(Anh ta kh«ng ¨n nhanh b»ng t«i).

-

They arrived earlier than I expected

(Hä ®· ®Õn sím h¬n t«i t­ëng)

- The sooner you begin, the sooner you'll finish

(B¹n b¾t ®Çu cµng sím, b¹n cµng sím xong viÖc)

- The sooner the better

(Cµng sím cµng tèt)

-

heir child screamed loudest of all

(Con cña hä hÐt to nhÊt trong bän)

- Who arrived the earliest?

(Ai ®Õn sím nhÊt?)

VI TRI PHO TU

1/

Phã tõ chØ c¸ch thøc (Adverbs of manner)

·

§øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, This old man drinks heavily (¤ng l·o nµy nghiÖn r­îu nÆng), She walked sluggishly (C« ta ®i mét c¸ch uÓ o¶i).

·

§øng sau tóc tõ nÕu c©u cã mét tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, He rendered me a service voluntarily (Anh ta tù nguyÖn gióp t«i), They speak French well (Hä nãi tiÕng Ph¸p giái).

·

§øng tr­íc giíi tõ hoÆc sau tóc tõ khi ®éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ (nh­ng ph¶i ®øng tr­íc giíi tõ nÕu tóc tõ dµi). Ch¼ng h¹n, She glances shyly at him hoÆc She glances at him shyly (C« ta e thÑn liÕc nh×n anh ta), nh­ngShe glances shyly at everyone who attends her wedding ceremony (C« ta e thÑn nh×n nh÷ng ng­êi ®Õn dù lÔ c­íi cña c« ta).

·

§øng tr­íc ®éng tõ nÕu tóc tõ dµi.

Ch¼ng h¹n, The teacher carefully marked all the incorrect sentences on the blackboard (ThÇy gi¸o cÈn thËn ®¸nh dÊu mäi c©u sai trªn b¶ng ®en), He furiously declares that any latecomer will be blacklisted (Anh ta ®iªn tiÕt tuyªn bè r»ng ai ®Õn trÔ sÏ bÞ ghi vµo sæ ®en).

2/

Phã tõ chØ møc ®é (Adverbs of degree)

§øng tr­íc mét phã tõ hoÆc mét tÝnh tõ ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho phã tõ hoÆc tÝnh tõ Êy. Ch¼ng h¹n, It is absolutely impossible (§iÒu ®ã hoµn toµn kh«ng thÓ ®­îc), She sings very well(C« ta ca rÊt hay).

§Æc biÖt

- They have only two children

(Hä cã ván vÑn hai ®øa con)

- Only

five people were hurt in the accident

(ChØ cã n¨m ng­êi bÞ th­¬ng trong vô tai n¹n)

- For external use only

(Dïng ngoµi da mµ th«i)

- I only waited a few minutes, but it seemed like hours

(T«i chØ ®îi vµi phót th«i, mµ cø nh­ mÊy giê ®ång hå)

- I hardly know this telephone number

(T«i võa míi biÕt sè ®iÖn tho¹i nµy mµ th«i)

- I can hardly lift this bag

(T«i khã mµ nhÊc næi c¸i bao nµy)

- Hardly anybody

came

(HÇu nh­ ch¼ng ai ®Õn)

-There's hardly any milk left

(HÇu nh­ ch¼ng cßn chót s÷a nµo)

-He has hardly any money

(Anh ta hÇu nh­ ch¼ng cã tiÒn)

- They hardly ever go to bed before midnight

(HÇu nh­ hä ch¼ng bao giê ®i ngñ tr­íc nöa ®ªm)

- He can scarcely have said so

(Ch¾c lµ anh Êy ®· kh«ng nãi nh­ thÕ)

- There were scarcely fifty strikers there

(

™

®ã chØ cã ván vÑn n¨m m­¬i ng­êi ®×nh c«ng)

- This river isn't deep enough for swimming

(Dßng s«ng nµy ch­a ®ñ s©u ®Ó b¬i léi)

- Write clearly enough for us to read it

(H·y viÕt ®ñ râ cho chóng t«i ®äc ®­îc)

3/

Phã tõ chØ sù th­êng xuyªn (Adverbs of frequency)

·

§øng sau th× ®¬n gi¶n cña To be. Ch¼ng h¹n, Your hands are still dirty (Tay anh vÉn cßn bÈn), He is always modest about his achievements (Anh ta lu«n khiªm tèn vÒ nh÷ng thµnh tùu cña m×nh).

·

Tr­íc th× ®¬n gi¶n cña tÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng tõ kh¸c. Ch¼ng h¹n, I continually have to remind him of his family (T«i ph¶i liªn tôc nh¾c h¾n nhí ®Õn gia ®×nh h¾n),

He sometimes writes to me (ThØnh tho¶ng anh ta cã viÕt th­ cho t«i), My father never eats meat (Cha t«i ch¼ng bao giê ¨n thÞt).

·

Sau trî ®éng tõ trong th× kÐp. Ch¼ng h¹n, I have never been abroad (T«i ch­a bao giê ra n­íc ngoµi), You should always check your oil before starting (B¹n nªn lu«n lu«n kiÓm tra dÇu nhít tr­íc khi khëi hµnh), We have often been there (Chóng t«i ®· tõng ®Õn ®ã lu«n).

4

Phã tõ chØ n¬i chèn (Adverbs of place)

·

§øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Her parents live abroad (Cha mÑ c« ta sèng ë n­íc ngoµi), They are waiting for us downstairs (Hä ®ang ®îi chóng t«i ë tÇng d­íi), Are you going anywhere? (Anh ®Þnh ®i bÊt cø n¬i nµo chø?).

·

Sau §éng tõ + tóc tõ hoÆc §éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ.

Ch¼ng h¹n,

I've seen that old women somewhere (T«i ®· gÆp bµ l·o ®ã ë n¬i nµo ®ã), We looked for it everywhere (Chóng t«i ®· t×m nã kh¾p n¬i).

5/

Phã tõ chØ thêi gian (Adverbs of time)

·

§øng ë ®Çu hoÆc cuèi mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n, Eventually he won

hoÆcHe won eventually (Cuèi cïng anh ta ®· th¾ng), Then we walked home hoÆc We walked home then (Råi chóng t«i ®i bé vÒ nhµ).

Tuy nhiªn, tèt nhÊt lµ tra tù ®iÓn tr­íc khi dïng phã tõ chØ thêi gian.

DAI TU

TINH TU NGHI VAN

·

Who

(®¹i tõ)

·

Whom

(®¹i tõ)

·

What

(®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)

·

Which

(®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)

·

Whose

(®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)

VÝ dô minh ho¹

a)

Who

-

Who told him the news? (Ai b¸o tin cho anh ta?)

-

Do you know who damaged my car?

(B¹n cã biÕt ai lµm háng xe t«i hay kh«ng?)

-

I wonder who phoned this morning

(T«i ch¼ng biÕt ai ®· gäi ®iÖn tho¹i s¸ng nay)

-

Who ate my bread? (Ai ®· ¨n b¸nh m× cña t«i?)

-

Who is that bespectacled girl? (C« g¸i ®eo kÝnh lµ ai?)

b)

Whom

-

Thay v×

Whom did they invite? (Hä mêi nh÷ng ai?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Who did they invite?

-

Thay v× Whom did you see at church? (B¹n ®· gÆp ai ë nhµ thê?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Who did you see at church?

-

Thay v× With whom did you go? (B¹n ®· ®i víi ai?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Who did you go with?

-

Thay v× To whom are you speaking? (B¹n ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Who are you speaking to?

c)

Whose

·

Whose

lµ tÝnh tõ.

- Whose

house was broken into? (Nhµ cña ai bÞ bän trém vµo?)

- Whose book are they reading? (Hä ®ang ®äc s¸ch cña ai?)

·

Whose

lµ ®¹i tõ.

- Whose are these newspapers ? (Nh÷ng tê b¸o nµy lµ cña ai?)

- Whose is that house? (Nhµ ®ã lµ cña ai?)

d)

Which

·

Which

lµ tÝnh tõ.

- Which hat is hers? (Mò nµo lµ cña c« ta?)

- Which way is quicker - by taxi or by pedicab?

(§­êng nµo th× nhanh h¬n - b»ng taxi hay b»ng xe xÝch l«?)

- Which languages did you study at school?

(Anh ®· häc nh÷ng thø tiÕng g× ë tr­êng?)

-

Which

journalist (of all journalists) do you admire most?

(Nhµ b¸o nµo b¹n ng­ìng mé nhÊt?)

-

Thay v× To which address will you send this letter? (B¹n sÏ göi th­ nµy ®Õn ®Þa chØ nµo),

ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Which address will

you send this letter to?.

T­¬ng tù, thay v× In which region do you work? (B¹n lµm viÖc ë vïng nµo?), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi Which region do you work in?

·

Which

lµ ®¹i tõ.

- Which is her hat? (Mò cña c« ta lµ mò nµo?)

- Which of them is the tallest? (Ng­êi nµo trong sè hä lµ cao nhÊt?)

- Which of these two photos do you like best?

(B¹n thÝch bøc nµo nhÊt trong hai bøc ¶nh nµy?)

e)

What

·

What

lµ ®¹i tõ.

- What happens? (Cã chuyÖn g× x¶y ra vËy?)

- What made him so furious? (§iÒu g× khiÕn h¾n ®iªn tiÕt lªn vËy?)

- What are you thinking? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ g× vËy?)

- What's the date? (H«m nay ngµy bao nhiªu?)

- What does he say? (Anh ta nãi g× vËy?)

- What did you do that for?

= Why did you do that?

(B¹n lµm ®iÒu ®ã nh»m môc ®Ých g×?)

- What is this bag for? (C¸i bao nµy dïng ®Ó lµm g×?)

- What does this word mean? (Tõ nµy nghÜa lµ g×?)

- What does she do? = What is she? = What is her profession?

(C« ta lµm nghÒ g×?)

- What's your name? (Tªn b¹n lµ g×?)

- What was the weather like? (Thêi tiÕt nh­ thÕ nµo?)

-

What does she look like? (C« ta tr«ng thÕ nµo?)

·

What

lµ tÝnh tõ (nh­ng rÊt Ýt dïng cho ng­êi).

- What

date is it? (H«m nay ngµy bao nhiªu?)

- What experience have you had? (B¹n ®· cã kinh nghiÖm g×?)

- What documents has he read? (H¾n ®· ®äc nh÷ng tµi liÖu nµo?)

- At what depth does the wreck lie?

(X¸c tµu ®¾m n»m ë ®é s©u bao nhiªu?)

L­u ý

- Thay v× What age are you?/What is your age?, ng­êi ta th­êng nãi How old are you? (B¹n bao nhiªu tuæi?)

- Thay v× What height is he?/ What is his height?, ng­êi ta th­êng nãi How tall is he? (Anh ta cao bao nhiªu?)

DAI TU NHAN XUNG

1/

H×nh thøc

Chñ tõ

Tóc tõ

Sè Ýt

Ng«i thø nhÊt

I

Me

Ng«i thø hai

You

You

Ng«i thø ba

He/She/It

Him/Her/It

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sè nhiÒu

Ng«i thø nhÊt

We

Us

Ng«i thø hai

You

You

Ng«i thø ba

They

Them

·

H×nh thøc cò cña ng«i thø hai sè Ýt lµ Thou (chñ tõ), Thee (tóc tõ)

·

He

dïng cho nam giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng ®ùc & She dïng cho n÷ giíi

vµ ®éng vËt gièng c¸i & It dïng cho sù vËt.

VÝ dô:

- This is my father. He is a postman

(§©y lµ cha t«i. ¤ng lµ nh©n viªn ph¸t th­)

- This is my mother. She is an actress

(§©y lµ mÑ t«i. Bµ lµ diÔn viªn)

- This is my car. It is very beautiful

(§©y lµ xe «t« cña t«i. Nã th× rÊt ®Ñp)

2/

VÝ dô minh ho¹

-

This is my grandmother.

She is old. Do you know her?

(§©y lµ bµ t«i.

Bµ Êy th× giµ. B¹n cã biÕt bµ Êy hay kh«ng?)

-

Did you see the elephant? - Yes, I saw it and it saw me

(B¹n thÊy voi ch­a? - V©ng, t«i ®· thÊy nã vµ nã ®· thÊy t«i)

-

My sister and I attend the same school

(ChÞ t«i vµ t«i häc cïng mét tr­êng)

-

Where's Ba? - That's him over there (Ba ®©u råi? - Anh ta kia k×a)

-

They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it?

(Hä ®·i b¹n ¨n tèi. B¹n ®· c¸m ¬n hä vÒ viÖc ®ã ch­a?)

-

She will stay with us (C« Êy sÏ ë l¹i víi chóng ta)

-

You need to speak to someone like him

(B¹n cÇn ph¶i nãi chuyÖn víi nh÷ng ng­êi nh­ anh ta)

L­u ý

-

Thay v× It is I

(t«i ®©y), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi It's me.

- Thay v× She is taller than I

am (c« ta cao h¬n t«i), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi She is taller than me.

-

Thay v× He doesn't know as much as she does

(anh ta kh«ng biÕt nhiÒu b»ng c« ta), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi He doesn't know as much as her .

-

Kh«ng nãi It was him who told me the news

(chÝnh anh ta b¸o tin cho t«i), mµ ph¶i nãi It was he who told me the news .

-

Cã thÓ nãiTurn off the fan

hoÆcTurn the fan off

(H·y t¾t qu¹t !), nh­ng nÕu dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng th× ph¶i nãiTurn it off.

-

Víi vai trß chñ tõ, You vµ One cã thÓ ®­îc dïng nh­ nhau. Ch¼ng h¹n, You cannot live on water

(B¹n kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n­íc l·) hoÆc One cannot live on water

(Ng­êi ta kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n­íc l·) . Tuy nhiªn, You vÉn th©n mËt vµ th«ng dông h¬n One.

-

They còng cã nghÜa lµ Ng­êi ta . Ch¼ng h¹n, They say (that) he behaves very badly towards his mother

(Ng­êi ta nãi r»ng h¾n ®èi xö víi mÑ h¾n rÊt tÖ).

3/

Nãi riªng vÒ It

·

It

th­êng dïng cho mét vËt, mét em bÐ,

hoÆc mét con vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt thuéc gièng g×.

VÝ dô:

- Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.

(KhÈu sóng cña b¹n ®©u? - Nã ë trong ng¨n kÐo)

- Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily.

(B¹n cã thÊy con chim kia kh«ng? Nã ®ang hãt rÊt vui)

- Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos.

(§øa con míi sinh cña c« ta rÊt mòm mÜm. Nã nÆng h¬n bèn kÝ)

·

§«i khi It còng dïng cho ng­êi.

VÝ dô:

- Who is that/Who is it? -

It's me

(Ai ®ã? - T«i ®©y)

·

It

dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian, kho¶ng c¸ch, thêi tiÕt, nhiÖt ®é, thñy triÒu

VÝ dô:

- What time is it? - It is six (MÊy giê råi? - S¸u giê råi)

- How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles.

(§Õn Lu©n §«n bao xa? - Kho¶ng 100 dÆm)

- It is raining/snowing (Trêi ®ang m­a/®ang tuyÕt r¬i)

- It's a fine night (Trêi ®ªm ®Ñp)

- It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto

(ThËt lµ nãng/l¹nh/m¸t trong hang nµy)

·

CÊu tróc It + is + tÝnh tõ + nguyªn mÉu

VÝ dô:

- It is easy to criticize (Phª ph¸n th× dÔ) thay v× To criticize is easy .

- It is better to get up early (Nªn dËy sím th× tèt h¬n) thay v× To

get up early is bettter

.

·

Thay v× She finds (that) it is boring

to stay at home

(C« ta thÊy ngåi nhµ thËt lµ ch¸n), ta cã thÓ nãi She finds it boring to stay at home .

·

It thay cho mét côm tõ hay mÖnh ®Ò ®­îc ®Ò cËp tr­íc ®ã.

VÝ dô:

- He smokes in bed, though his wife doesn't like it.

(H¾n hót thuèc trªn giõ¬ng, mÆc dï vî h¾n ch¼ng thÝch ®iÒu ®ã)

- Yes, I am always a late riser.

What about it?

(V©ng, t«i lu«n dËy muén. Anh nghÜ sao vÒ ®iÒu ®ã?)

·

It lµm chñ tõ cho c¸c ®éng tõ kh«ng ¸m chØ riªng ai

VÝ dô

:

- It appears that there has been a mistake

(D­êng nh­ ®· cã sù nhÇm lÉn)

- It seems that he's resigned (D­êng nh­ «ng ta ®· tõ chøc)

DAI TU PHAN THAN

1/

H×nh thøc

Chñ tõ

Tóc tõ

Sè Ýt

Ng«i thø nhÊt

I

Me

Ng«i thø hai

You

You

Ng«i thø ba

He/She/It

Him/Her/It

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sè nhiÒu

Ng«i thø nhÊt

We

Us

Ng«i thø hai

You

You

Ng«i thø ba

They

Them

·

H×nh thøc cò cña ng«i thø hai sè Ýt lµ Thou (chñ tõ), Thee (tóc tõ)

·

He

dïng cho nam giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng ®ùc & She dïng cho n÷ giíi

vµ ®éng vËt gièng c¸i & It dïng cho sù vËt.

VÝ dô:

- This is my father. He is a postman

(§©y lµ cha t«i. ¤ng lµ nh©n viªn ph¸t th­)

- This is my mother. She is an actress

(§©y lµ mÑ t«i. Bµ lµ diÔn viªn)

- This is my car. It is very beautiful

(§©y lµ xe «t« cña t«i. Nã th× rÊt ®Ñp)

2/

VÝ dô minh ho¹

-

This is my grandmother.

She is old. Do you know her?

(§©y lµ bµ t«i.

Bµ Êy th× giµ. B¹n cã biÕt bµ Êy hay kh«ng?)

-

Did you see the elephant? - Yes, I saw it and it saw me

(B¹n thÊy voi ch­a? - V©ng, t«i ®· thÊy nã vµ nã ®· thÊy t«i)

-

My sister and I attend the same school

(ChÞ t«i vµ t«i häc cïng mét tr­êng)

-

Where's Ba? - That's him over there (Ba ®©u råi? - Anh ta kia k×a)

-

They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it?

(Hä ®·i b¹n ¨n tèi. B¹n ®· c¸m ¬n hä vÒ viÖc ®ã ch­a?)

-

She will stay with us (C« Êy sÏ ë l¹i víi chóng ta)

-

You need to speak to someone like him

(B¹n cÇn ph¶i nãi chuyÖn víi nh÷ng ng­êi nh­ anh ta)

L­u ý

-

Thay v× It is I

(t«i ®©y), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi It's me.

- Thay v× She is taller than I

am (c« ta cao h¬n t«i), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi She is taller than me.

-

Thay v× He doesn't know as much as she does

(anh ta kh«ng biÕt nhiÒu b»ng c« ta), ng­êi ta th­êng nãi He doesn't know as much as her .

-

Kh«ng nãi It was him who told me the news

(chÝnh anh ta b¸o tin cho t«i), mµ ph¶i nãi It was he who told me the news .

-

Cã thÓ nãiTurn off the fan

hoÆcTurn the fan off

(H·y t¾t qu¹t !), nh­ng nÕu dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n x­ng th× ph¶i nãiTurn it off.

-

Víi vai trß chñ tõ, You vµ One cã thÓ ®­îc dïng nh­ nhau. Ch¼ng h¹n, You cannot live on water

(B¹n kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n­íc l·) hoÆc One cannot live on water

(Ng­êi ta kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n­íc l·) . Tuy nhiªn, You vÉn th©n mËt vµ th«ng dông h¬n One.

-

They còng cã nghÜa lµ Ng­êi ta . Ch¼ng h¹n, They say (that) he behaves very badly towards his mother

(Ng­êi ta nãi r»ng h¾n ®èi xö víi mÑ h¾n rÊt tÖ).

3/

Nãi riªng vÒ It

·

It

th­êng dïng cho mét vËt, mét em bÐ,

hoÆc mét con vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt thuéc gièng g×.

VÝ dô:

- Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.

(KhÈu sóng cña b¹n ®©u? - Nã ë trong ng¨n kÐo)

- Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily.

(B¹n cã thÊy con chim kia kh«ng? Nã ®ang hãt rÊt vui)

- Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos.

(§øa con míi sinh cña c« ta rÊt mòm mÜm. Nã nÆng h¬n bèn kÝ)

·

§«i khi It còng dïng cho ng­êi.

VÝ dô:

- Who is that/Who is it? -

It's me

(Ai ®ã? - T«i ®©y)

·

It

dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian, kho¶ng c¸ch, thêi tiÕt, nhiÖt ®é, thñy triÒu

VÝ dô:

- What time is it? - It is six (MÊy giê råi? - S¸u giê råi)

- How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles.

(§Õn Lu©n §«n bao xa? - Kho¶ng 100 dÆm)

- It is raining/snowing (Trêi ®ang m­a/®ang tuyÕt r¬i)

- It's a fine night (Trêi ®ªm ®Ñp)

- It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto

(ThËt lµ nãng/l¹nh/m¸t trong hang nµy)

·

CÊu tróc It + is + tÝnh tõ + nguyªn mÉu

VÝ dô:

- It is easy to criticize (Phª ph¸n th× dÔ) thay v× To criticize is easy .

- It is better to get up early (Nªn dËy sím th× tèt h¬n) thay v× To

get up early is bettter

.

·

Thay v× She finds (that) it is boring

to stay at home

(C« ta thÊy ngåi nhµ thËt lµ ch¸n), ta cã thÓ nãi She finds it boring to stay at home .

·

It thay cho mét côm tõ hay mÖnh ®Ò ®­îc ®Ò cËp tr­íc ®ã.

VÝ dô:

- He smokes in bed, though his wife doesn't like it.

(H¾n hót thuèc trªn giõ¬ng, mÆc dï vî h¾n ch¼ng thÝch ®iÒu ®ã)

- Yes, I am always a late riser.

What about it?

(V©ng, t«i lu«n dËy muén. Anh nghÜ sao vÒ ®iÒu ®ã?)

·

It lµm chñ tõ cho c¸c ®éng tõ kh«ng ¸m chØ riªng ai

VÝ dô

:

- It appears that there has been a mistake

(D­êng nh­ ®· cã sù nhÇm lÉn)

- It seems that he's resigned (D­êng nh­ «ng ta ®· tõ chøc)

DAI TU VA TINH TU SO HUU

TÝnh tõ së h÷u

§¹i tõ së h÷u

My

(cña t«i)

Mine (cña t«i)

Your

(cña anh/chÞ)

Your

s

(cña anh/chÞ)

His

/Her/Its

His/Her

s

(cña anh ta/c« ta/nã)

(cña anh Êy/c« Êy)

Our

(cña chóng ta/chóng t«i)

Our

s

(cña chóng ta/chóng t«i)

Your

(cña c¸c anh chÞ)

Your

s

(cña c¸c anh chÞ)

Their

(cña hä/chóng nã)

Their

s

(cña hä/chóng nã)

VÝ dô

:

- This is his handkerchief. Where is ours?

(§©y lµ kh¨n tay cña anh ta. C¸i cña chóng t«i ®©u?)

- Your do your work and I do mine

(B¹n lµm viÖc cña b¹n, t«i lµm viÖc cña t«i)

L­u ý:

§õng nhÇm tÝnh tõ së h÷u It

s

vµ côm tõ It's (viÕt t¾t cña It is)

1/

§Æc ®iÓm

·

TÝnh tõ së h÷u tïy thuéc së h÷u chñ, chø kh«ng tïy thuéc vËt së h÷u. Do vËy, nhµ

cña anh ta

lµ His house, nhµ

cña c« ta

lµ Her house. MÑ

cña anh ta

lµ His mother, mÑ

cña c« ta

lµ Her mother.

·

TÝnh tõ së h÷u kh«ng tïy thuéc sè cña vËt së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, my friend (b¹n cña t«i), my friend

s

(c¸c b¹n cu¶ t«i), their room (phßng cña hä), their room

s

(c¸c phßng cña hä).

·

... cña con vËt hoÆc sù vËt th× dïng Its. Ch¼ng h¹n, The dog wags its tail(con chã vÉy ®u«i), Depraved culture and its evils (v¨n ho¸ ®åi trôy vµ nh÷ng t¸c h¹i cña nã), The table and its legs (c¸i bµn vµ c¸c ch©n cña nã).

·

Own

còng ®­îc thªm vµo ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh sù së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, Does that car belong to the company, or is it your own? (chiÕc xe «t« Êy cña c«ng ty, hay cña riªng anh?), Their own garden (m¶nh v­ên riªng cña hä).

·

TÝnh tõ së h÷u còng ®­îc dïng tr­íc c¸c bé phËn c¬ thÓ.

Ch¼ng h¹n, My legs hurt (t«i ®au ch©n), Her head is aching (c« ta ®ang nhøc ®Çu).

2/

§¹i tõ së h÷u thay cho

tÝnh tõ së h÷u + danh tõ

VÝ dô:

- This is

their apartment

hoÆc This (apartment) is theirs

(§©y lµ c¨n hé cña hä

hoÆc C¨n hé nµy lµ cña hä )

- You're using my telephone.

Where's yours ?

(Anh ®ang dïng m¸y ®iÖn tho¹i cña t«i. C¸i cña anh ®©u?)

·

... of mine

nghÜa lµ One of my ... (mét... cña t«i).

VÝ dô:

- A friend of mine = one of my friends (mét ng­êi b¹n cña t«i)

- A teacher of hers = one of her teachers (mét ng­êi thÇy cña c« Êy)

DAI TU BAT DINH

·

TÝnh tõ bÊt ®Þnh:

- There's only one piece of cake left (ChØ cßn l¹i mét mÈu b¸nh)

- This mendicant is blind in both eyes (Ng­êi ¨n xin nµy mï c¶ hai m¾t)

- A ring on each finger (Mét c¸i nhÉn trªn mçi ngãn tay)

-

Take either half, they are exactly the same

(H·y lÊy nöa nµy hoÆc nöa kia, c¶ hai ®Òu b»ng nhau)

-

Neither boy was present (C¶ hai ®øa bÐ ®Òu kh«ng cã mÆt)

-

I have read this book several times (T«i ®· ®äc quyÓn s¸ch nµy nhiÒu lÇn)

- All dogs are animals, but not all animals are dogs

(TÊt c¶ c¸c con chã ®Òu lµ ®éng vËt, nh­ng kh«ng ph¶i tÊt c¶ c¸c ®éng vËt ®Òu lµ chã)

- The buses go every ten minutes (Cø mçi m­êi phót l¹i cã chuyÕn xe bóyt)

- I have a lot of bread, but I haven't much butter

(T«i cã nhiÒu b¸nh m×, nh­ng t«i ch¼ng cã nhiÒu b¬)

- There are many spelling mistakes in this newspaper (Tê b¸o nµy cã nhiÒu lçi chÝnh t¶)

- There's some ice in the fridge

(Cã mét Ýt ®¸ trong tñ l¹nh)

-

You may come here at any time (B¹n cã thÓ ®Õn ®ã bÊt cø lóc nµo)

-

I have little time for watching TV (T«i cã Ýt thêi gian ®Ó xem TV)

-

Give me a little sugar (H·y cho t«i mét Ýt ®­êng)

-

There were few people at his funeral (Cã Ýt ng­êi dù ®¸m tang «ng ta)

-

The jailer asked us a few questions (Viªn cai ngôc hái chóng t«i vµi c©u)

-

We have enough food for two weeks' holiday (Chóng t«i cã ®ñ thùc phÈm cho kú nghØ hai tuÇn)

-

No words can express my homesickness (Kh«ng lêi nµo diÔn t¶ ®­îc nçi nhí nhµ cña t«i)

-

Would you like another cup of tea? (¤ng muèn dïng mét t¸ch trµ n÷a kh«ng?)

-

Where are the other students? (C¸c sinh viªn kh¸c ®ang ë ®©u?)

·

§¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh

-

This problem is one of great difficulty (VÊn ®Ò nµy lµ vÊn ®Ò rÊt khã kh¨n)

-

We both want to go hunting (C¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu muèn ®i s¨n)

-

He gave the boys five dollars each (¤ng ta cho mçi ®øa bÐ 5 ®« la)

-

I've bought two cakes - you can have either

(T«i ®· mua hai c¸i b¸nh - anh cã thÓ lÊy mét trong hai c¸i ®ã)

-

I chose neither of them (T«i kh«ng chän c¸i nµo trong hai c¸i ®ã c¶)

-

Several of us decided to walk (NhiÒu ng­êi trong chóng t«i quyÕt ®Þnh ®i bé)

- We had several loaves left -

All (of them) were crisp

(Chóng t«i cßn nhiÒu æ b¸nh m× - TÊt c¶ (c¸c æ b¸nh m× ®ã) ®Òu gißn)

-

Everybody goes to church (Mäi ng­êi ®Òu ®i nhµ thê)

-

I'll give you everything I have (T«i sÏ cho b¹n mäi thø mµ t«i cã)

-

Nobody came to see me (Kh«ng ai ®Õn th¨m t«i)

-

None of them wants to stay (Kh«ng ng­êi nµo trong bän hä muèn ë l¹i)

-

I have nothing to eat (T«i ch¼ng cã g× ®Ó ¨n c¶)

-

Ask anyone in your room (H·y hái bÊt cø ai trong phßng b¹n)

-

Did you know many of them? (B¹n cã biÕt nhiÒu ng­êi trong bän hä kh«ng?)

-

As a student, she has much to learn (Lµ sinh viªn, c« ta cã nhiÒu ®iÒu cÇn ph¶i häc hái)

-

How many loaves do you want? - A lot (B¹n cÇn bao nhiªu æ b¸nh m×? - NhiÒu l¾m)

-

Do you need more money? - No, there's plenty in the safe (¤ng cÇn thªm tiÒn n÷a kh«ng? -

Kh«ng, vÉn cßn

nhiÒu trong kÐt s¾t)

-

I agree to some of what you said (T«i ®ång ý víi phÇn nµo nh÷ng ®iÒu b¹n nãi)

-

He doesn't like any of these flowers (H¾n kh«ng thÝch bÊt cø hoa nµo trong nh÷ng hoa nµy)

-

I can understand little of what he said (T«i hiÓu ®­îc chót Ýt nh÷ng ®iÒu h¾n nãi)

-

If you've got any spare sugar, could you give me a little?

(NÕu b¹n cßn ®­êng, b¹n cho t«i mét Ýt ®­îc kh«ng?)

-

Is this sum of money enough for their business trip?

(Sè tiÒn nµy ®ñ cho chuyÕn c«ng t¸c cña hä hay kh«ng?)

-

Many are called, but few are chosen (NhiÒu ng­êi ®­îc gäi ®Õn, nh­ng Ýt ng­êi ®­îc chän)

-

My father has written many historical novels, but I've only read a few (of them)

(Bè t«i ®· viÕt nhiÒu tiÓu thuyÕt lÞch sö, nh­ng t«i chØ míi ®äc vµi quyÓn (trong sè ®ã))

-

We must help others less fortunate than ourselves

(Chóng ta ph¶i gióp ®ì nh÷ng ng­êi kh¸c kÐm may m¾n h¬n chóng ta)

-

This shirt is too big; I'll try another (C¸i ¸o s¬ mi nµy to qu¸; t«i sÏ thö mét c¸i kh¸c)

L­u ý

·

Much

(tÝnh tõ) ®øng tr­íc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc , Much (®¹i tõ) thay chodanh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®­îc .

Much còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ I

didn't enjoy that comedy (very) much

(T«i kh«ng thÝch vë hµi nµy l¾m) hoÆc She's much better today

(H«m nay c« ta kh¸ h¬n nhiÒu).

·

Much

ph¶n nghÜa víi Little.

·

Many

(tÝnh tõ) ®øng tr­íc danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc , Many (®¹i tõ) thay cho danh tõ ®Õm ®­îc .

Many ph¶n nghÜa víi Few.

·

Little

còng cã thÓ lµ

phã tõ vµ tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt.

Ch¼ng h¹n, I slept very little last night

·

(§ªm qua, t«i ngñ rÊt Ýt) [Phã tõ] vµLittle holes to let air in

(Nh÷ng lç nhá ®Ó kh«ng khÝ vµo) (TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt).

·

A little

còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ They are a little worried about

the next entrance

examination

(Hä h¬i lo vÒ kú thi tuyÓn sinh s¾p tíi).

·

Enough

còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh­ You aren't old enough to join

the army

(B¹n ch­a ®ñ tuæi ®Ó gia nhËp qu©n ®éi)

DAI TU QUAN HE

Chñ tõ

Tóc tõ

Së h÷u

Cho ng­êi

Who

Whom/Who

Whose

That

That

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cho ®å vËt Which

Which

Whose/Of which

That

That

·

Trong tiÕng Anh chÝnh thøc, Whom thay cho Who khi Who kh«ng ph¶i lµ chñ tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Are you the witness whom/that the police are looking for? (Anh cã ph¶i lµ nh©n chøng mµ c¶nh s¸t ®ang t×m hay kh«ng?)

·

Trong v¨n nãi, ng­êi ta th­êng l­îc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ khi ®¹i tõ nµy lµ tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Isn't that the shirt (which/that) you wore? (§ã kh«ng ph¶i c¸i ¸o s¬ mi mµ b¹n ®· mÆc chø?), That's the stone (that) he broke the window with (§ã chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ mµ nhê ®ã h¾n ®Ëp vì cöa sæ). Tuy nhiªn, kh«ng thÓ l­îc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ nÕu ®¹i tõ nµy lµ chñ tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The mason who stands with arms akimbo is closely related to my driver (Ng­êi thî nÒ ®øng chèng n¹nh cã quan hÖ hä hµng gÇn víi tµi xÕ cña t«i), She's the girl who/that broke my heart (C« ta chÝnh lµ c« g¸i lµm t«i ®au khæ), That's the stone which/that broke the window (§ã chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ lµm vì cöa sæ).

·

Whose

lµ së h÷u c¸ch cña Who vµ ®«i khi cña c¶ Which.

VÝ dô:

- This is the girl. Her father is a policeman (§©y lµ c« g¸i. Cha c« ta lµ c¶nh s¸t viªn) --> This

is the girl whose father is a policeman (§©y lµ c« g¸i mµ cha lµ c¶nh s¸t viªn).

- This is the steel tube. Its inner walls are rusty (§©y lµ èng thÐp. C¸c v¸ch bªn trong nã bÞ rØ)

--> This is the steel tube whose inner walls are rusty (§©y lµ èng thÐp mµ c¸c v¸ch bªn trong bÞ rØ).

MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ (Relative clauses)

a) MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh (Defining relative clauses) lµ mÖnh ®Ò x¸c ®Þnh ng­êi hoÆc vËt võa ®­îc nh¾c ®Õn tr­íc ®ã.

Ch¼ng h¹n, ta cã c©u The man who told me

the news refused my

invitation to dinner

(Ng­êi ®µn «ng b¸o tin cho t«i ®· tõ chèi lêi mêi ¨n tèi cña t«i). Trong c©u nµy,

who told me the news lµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. NÕu bá mÖnh ®Ò nµy, ng­êi ®µn «ng mµ chóng ta ®ang nãi ®Õn sÏ kh«ng râ rµng.

TuyÖt ®èi kh«ng ®Æt dÊu phÈy gi÷a danh tõ vµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh.

VÝ dô:

- We're looking for someone (who) we can rely on

(Chóng t«i ®ang t×m ng­êi mµ chóng t«i cã thÓ tin cËy)

- The novel is about a young man who falls in love with .. ..

(TiÓu thuyÕt nãi vÒ mét chµng trai ph¶i lßng .. ..)

- These are the children (that) I looked after last summer

(§©y lµ nh÷ng ®øa trÎ mµ t«i ®· tr«ng nom mïa hÌ võa qua)

- The clothes that are on the floor are dirty

(QuÇn ¸o trªn sµn nhµ lµ quÇn ¸o bÈn)

- Read the passage to which I referred in my talk

(H·y ®äc ®o¹n mµ t«i nh¾c ®Õn trong cuéc nãi chuyÖn)

- A house which overlooks the park will cost more

(Nhµ nh×n ra c«ng viªn sÏ ®¾t tiÒn h¬n)

- The roof on which I was standing collapsed suddenly

(M¸i

nhµ mµ t«i ®ang ®øng trªn

®ã bçng nhiªn ®æ sËp) =

The roof which I was standing on collapsed suddenly =

The roof I was standing on collapsed suddenly.

§Æc biÖt

·

Thay v× The first scientist who discovers/discovered this principle

(Nhµ khoa häc ®Çu

tiªn t×m ra nguyªn lý nµy), ta cã thÓ nãiThe first scientist to discover this principle.

·

Thay v× The only one who understands/understood this equation

(Ng­êi duy nhÊt hiÓu ®­îc ph­¬ng tr×nh nµy), ta cã thÓ nãi The only one to understand this equation .

·

hay v× Employees who work overtime will be entitled to extra pay

(Nh©n viªn lµm thªm

ngoµi giê sÏ ®­îc h­ëng tiÒn phô tréi), ta cã thÓ nãi Employees working overtime will be

entitled to extra pay .

·

Thay v× A decision which enables investors to expand their business

(Mét quyÕt ®Þnh

·

cho phÐp giíi ®Çu t­ khuÕch tr­¬ng viÖc lµm ¨n cña hä), ta cã thÓ nãi A decision enabling

·

investors to expand their business.

b) MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh (Non-defining relative clauses) nãi râ thªm vÒ ng­êi hoÆc vËt ®· ®­îc x¸c ®Þnh. Kh¸c víi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh, mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®­îc ph©n c¸ch b»ng dÊu phÈy vµ kh«ng thÓ bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ.

Kh¸c víi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh,

mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh kh«ng ph¶i lµ thµnh phÇn cèt yÕu cña c©u vµ cã thÓ lo¹i bá mµ ch¼ng ¶nh h­ëng g×.

§Æc biÖt lµ kh«ng dïng That thay cho Which ®Ó më ®Çu mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh. MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh th­êng dïng trong v¨n viÕt h¬n lµ v¨n nãi.

VÝ dô:

- My boss,

who is very superstitious , always believes in ghosts (¤ng chñ cña t«i, ng­êi

rÊt mª tÝn dÞ ®oan, lu«n lu«n tin lµ cã ma)

- This letter is from my father-in-law, whom you met last week at the airport (Bøc th­ nµy

lµ cña bè vî t«i, ng­êi mµ anh ®· gÆp tuÇn råi ë s©n bay).

- Mrs Hoa, to whom we are speaking , owns a well-known supermarket in this city (Bµ

Hoa, ng­êi mµ chóng t«i ®ang nãi chuyÖn, lµ chñ mét siªu thÞ næi tiÕng ë thµnh phè nµy)

- My sister gave me this shirt, which she had sewed herself

(ChÞ t«i cho t«i c¸i ¸o s¬ mi nµy, c¸i ¸o mµ chÞ ®· tù tay may)

- That house, which I bought ten years ago , is still solid.

(C¨n nhµ Êy,

c¨n nhµ mµ t«i mua c¸ch ®©y 10 n¨m, vÉn cßn

v÷ng ch¾c)

- Their hotel, whose staff are very helpful, is an example to all other hotels (Kh¸ch s¹n

cña hä, n¬i nh©n viªn phôc vô rÊt ®¾c lùc, lµ mét tÊm g­¬ng cho tÊt c¶ c¸c kh¸ch s¹n kh¸c

noi theo)

Nãi thªm vÒ What

vµ Which

·

What

còng cã nghÜa lµ "Nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ/Nh÷ng g× mµ".

VÝ dô:

- What you owned

excited their envy (Nh÷ng g× b¹n cã ®· kÝch thÝch lßng ghen tÞ cña hä).

- What he said

was untrue (Nh÷ng g× h¾n nãi ®Òu tr¸i víi sù thËt).

- We studywhat our teacher teaches us

(Chóng ta häc nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ thÇy gi¸o d¹y chóng ta).

·

Which

còng cã nghÜa lµ "§iÒu ®ã".

VÝ dô:

- He said he had no money to go home, which was really absurd

(Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta kh«ng cã tiÒn ®Ó vÒ nhµ, ®iÒu ®ã hÕt søc v« lý)

- Our car broke down suddenly, which made our journey less exciting

(Xe chóng t«i bÞ háng ®ét xuÊt, ®iÒu ®ã khiÕn cuéc hµnh tr×nh cña chóng t«i bít phÇn hµo høng)

DAI TU VA TINH TU CHI DINH

1/

TÝnh tõ chØ ®Þnh (demonstrative adjectives) thay ®æi theo sè cña danh tõ.

VÝ dô

:

- That

boy is very agile

(CËu bÐ Êy rÊt lanh lîi)

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